Jisün (Mongolian term), also known as zhisunfu () or Zhisun (, also written as or ), zhixun (), jixun (), zhama ( ) or Jisun (), was a very important male
Mongol garment during the
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...
.
They were also known as Mongol "
robes of honour" (khil'at).
The zhisun was a form of ceremonial clothing,
which was worn during the
jisün banquets (also known as ''zhama banquets''),
which were the most important ceremony of the Yuan dynasty court .
The zhisun were made of textile woven with gold and silk of one colour.
In
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
, the zhisun was introduced during the
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...
and was inherited by the
Han Chinese
The Han Chinese, alternatively the Han people, are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the list of contemporary ethnic groups, world's la ...
during the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
.
In both the
Yuan and
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
, the zhisun is a single-coloured court robe.
The zhisun is a type of Mongol
terlig.
Terminology
The term zhama came from the Persian word ''jāmah'' which is translated as "garment" or "robe" or "coat" or "clothing".
The term jisün means "colour" in Mongolian.
The term zhisun originates from the Mongolian term jisün.
In the
History of the Yuan dynasty, the zhisun are defined as "a dress of the same colour" or "being of one colour" or "robe of one colour" or "dress in one colour" ().
The term zhixun was used in the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
and originated from the term zhisun.
History
Origins
The zhisun likely originated in early period of the
Mongol rule; it was first introduced under the rule of
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...
, but it became more elaborate after the foundation of the
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...
by
Kublai Khan.
Yuan dynasty
In the
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...
, the zhisun was worn by the Yuan Emperors and officials.
The zhisun was a ceremonial court dress which was bestowed by the Emperors to the higher-ranking officials, imperial relatives, those who had made great contributions and those who serve the emperors .
It could only be worn when bestowed by the emperor as such it held an important place for every official's political life in the Yuan dynasty; and if it was bestowed by the Emperor, the zhisun had to be worn.
In 1321 AD, during the rule of
Emperor Yingzong, the zhisunfu () dressing code was officially formulated.
This dress code also combined the clothing characteristics of both the Han Chinese and the Mongol ethnicity.
In 1332 AD, an imperial edict stated that all officials and imperial guards who had been bestowed with zhisun were required to wear it during the imperial banquets, and those would pawn off their zhisun would be punished.
Distinguished higher-ranking imperial officials, in particular, wore it when they would meet with the Emperors or when they would attend banquets.
The zhisun worn by the Han Chinese who would participate in the banquets organized by the Yuan imperial court were also bestowed by the Yuan Emperors.
The participants of the jisun banquets had to be dressed in the same colour.
The zhisun could also be worn by lower-ranking singers, musicians, and security guards.
However, it appears that there were two kind of zhisun during the banquets: the first type which was worn as a formal dress for the Yuan Emperors, his officials and the nobilities, and the second type which was worn by the servants.
Ming dynasty
In the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
, the Zhisun was mainly worn as a regular clothing by military officials,
such as the court guards and guards of honour, who are referred as ''xiaowei'' ().
In 1373 AD, the clothing of the imperial body guards was changed to the zhisun, a solid colour robe which had been inherited from the Yuan dynasty.
According to ''
Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty'' and the ''Writings after a dream in Shining Spring'' (), the xiaowei all wore zhisun robe.
According to the ''Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty'', the
Embroidered Uniform Guard who were on duty at the East and West City circuit and the other men in charged of whip-throwing, fan-holding, umbrella-like towel-holding also wore the zhisun.
According to ''Understanding Elegance'', the red or green robes which were made out of silk and which were worn by the Embroidered Uniform Guard was called zhixun; the zhixun was decorated with ground flowers.
Design and construction
The zhisun is described as being of a single colour.
The zhisun worn by the Yuan emperor and higher-ranking officials during court banquets typically had the same colour, design and form, with the workmanship and exquisiteness of ornaments as the difference.
All the zhisun worn by
Han Chinese
The Han Chinese, alternatively the Han people, are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the list of contemporary ethnic groups, world's la ...
during court banquets all the same form and design.
However, the zhisun was not made to have a fixed design or form.
According to the
History of the Yuan dynasty, the zhisun is described as not having a fixed design or form, and the summer design is different from the winter design.
These robes were also different in design depending on the social classes of its wearer, but they were all referred as zhisun.
For example, the emperor had 11 varieties of zhisun for the winter season and 15 varieties for summer while members of the nobility and the senior officials had 9 varieties of zhisun during winter and 14 in summer.
The zhisun could also be made from variety of fabrics, including nasīj (or nasji; ), silk, and wool ().
They were also embellished with precious stones and pearls.
In the ''Great statutes of statecraft《經世大典 - Jingshi dadian》''by Yu Ji (1272–1348) recorded that the "Zhisun is the robe worn by high officials when they attend an imperial banquet. Nowadays it takes the form of a bright red robe with string of large pearls sewn on the back and shoulders
...
Derivatives and influences
China
The
yesa robe, which was a new form garment in the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
, has some of its mixed-elements either developed from the Mongol
terlig,
or from the zhisun robe, which is itself a form of terlig.
Similar garments
*
Feiyufu
*
Terlig
*
Yesa
See also
*
Fashion in Yuan dynasty
*
List of Hanfu
*
Hanfu
''Hanfu'' (, lit. "Han Chinese, Han clothing"), also known as ''Hanzhuang'' (), are the traditional styles of clothing worn by the Han Chinese since the 2nd millennium BCE. There are several representative styles of ''hanfu'', such as the (an ...
*
Robe of honour - an ancient tradition of bestowing clothing
*
Khalat - a loose, long-sleeved outer
silk
Silk is a natural fiber, natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be weaving, woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is most commonly produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoon (silk), c ...
or
cotton
Cotton (), first recorded in ancient India, is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure ...
robe common in
Central Asia
Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...
and
South Asia
South Asia is the southern Subregion#Asia, subregion of Asia that is defined in both geographical and Ethnicity, ethnic-Culture, cultural terms. South Asia, with a population of 2.04 billion, contains a quarter (25%) of the world's populatio ...
References
{{Types of Han Chinese clothing
Culture of the Yuan dynasty
Culture of the Ming dynasty
Dynasties of China
History of Asian clothing
Chinese traditional clothing
Mongolian fashion
Culture of Mongolia