Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin (; 7 December 1805 – 13 June 1871) was a French
watchmaker
A watchmaker is an artisan who makes and repairs watches. Since a majority of watches are now factory-made, most modern watchmakers only repair watches. However, originally they were master craftsmen who built watches, including all their par ...
,
magician and
illusionist, widely recognized as the father of the modern style of
conjuring.
He transformed magic from a pastime for the lower classes, seen at fairs, to an entertainment for the wealthy, which he offered in a theatre opened in
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
, a legacy preserved by the tradition of modern magicians performing in tails.
Early life and entrance into conjuring
Robert-Houdin was born Jean-Eugène Robert in
Blois
Blois ( ; ) is a commune and the capital city of Loir-et-Cher Departments of France, department, in Centre-Val de Loire, France, on the banks of the lower Loire river between Orléans and Tours.
With 45,898 inhabitants by 2019, Blois is the mos ...
, France, on 7 December 1805—a day after his autobiography said he was.
[Illustrated History of Magic by Milbourne Christopher 1973][Vol. 2]
His father, Prosper Robert, was a watchmaker in Blois. Jean-Eugene's mother, the former Marie-Catherine Guillon, died when he was just a young child.
At the age of eleven, Prosper sent his son Jean-Eugène to school thirty-five miles up the
Loire
The Loire ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of , it drains , more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône.
It rises in the so ...
to the
University of Orléans
The University of Orléans () is a French university, in the Academy of Orléans and Tours. As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University.
History
In 1230, when for a time the ...
.
At 18, he graduated and returned to Blois. His father wanted him to be a lawyer,
but Robert-Houdin wanted to follow in his father's footsteps as a watchmaker.
Apprentice clockmaker
His penmanship was excellent, and it landed him a job as a clerk for an attorney's office. Instead of studying law, he tinkered with mechanical gadgets. His employer sent him back to his father. He was told that he was better suited as a watchmaker than a lawyer, but by then, Jean's father had already retired, so he became an apprentice to his cousin who had a watch-shop. For a short time, Jean-Eugène worked as a
watchmaker
A watchmaker is an artisan who makes and repairs watches. Since a majority of watches are now factory-made, most modern watchmakers only repair watches. However, originally they were master craftsmen who built watches, including all their par ...
.
In the mid-1820s, he saved up to buy a copy of a two-volume set of books on clockmaking called ''
Traité de l'horlogerie'' ("Treatise on Clockmaking"), written by
Ferdinand Berthoud.
He would go on to pursue the craft of clockmaking for the rest of his life, and is widely credited with inventing the
mystery clock.
Introduction to magic
When he got home and opened the wrapping, instead of the Berthoud books, what appeared before his eyes was a two-volume set on magic called ''
Scientific Amusements''. Instead of returning the books, his curiosity got the better of him. From those crude volumes, he learned the rudiments of magic. He practiced at all hours of the day.
From that point on, he became very interested in the art. He was upset that the books he got only revealed how the secrets were done but did not show how to do them.
He found that learning from the books available in those days was very difficult due to the lack of detailed explanations,
but the books piqued his interest in the art. So Robert-Houdin began taking lessons from a local amateur magician.
He paid ten francs for a series of lessons from a man named Maous from Blois who was a podiatrist but also entertained at fairs and parties doing magic. He was proficient at sleight of hand, and taught Robert-Houdin how to juggle to improve his hand-eye coordination.
He also taught him rudiments of the cups and balls. He told young Robert-Houdin that digital dexterity came with repetition, and as a direct result, Robert-Houdin practiced incessantly.
Magic was his pastime, and meanwhile, his studies in
horology
Chronometry or horology () is the science studying the measurement of time and timekeeping. Chronometry enables the establishment of standard measurements of time, which have applications in a broad range of social and scientific areas. ''Hor ...
continued. When he felt he was ready, he moved to Tours and set up a watchmaking business, doing conjuring on the side.
Much of what we know about Robert-Houdin comes from his memoirs—and his writings were meant more to entertain than to chronicle, rendering it difficult to separate fact from fiction. Robert-Houdin would have readers believe that a major turning point in his life came when he became apprenticed to the magician Edmund De Grisi, Count's son and better known as Torrini. What is known is that his early performing came from joining an amateur acting troupe.
Marriage to Josèphe Cecile Houdin
He performed at social parties as a professional magician in Europe and the United States.
It was during this period while at a party that he met Josèphe Cecile Houdin, the daughter of a Parisian watchmaker, Jacques-François Houdin, who also originally came from Blois.
Jean-Eugène fell in love with her at their first meeting.
On 8 July 1830, they were married; he then hyphenated his own name to hers and became Robert-Houdin.
He and Josèphe had eight children, of whom three survived.
He moved to Paris and worked in his father-in-law's wholesale shop. Jacques-François was among the last of the watchmakers to use the old method of handcrafting each piece and embraced his new son-in-law's ambitions for mechanism.
While Houdin worked in the main shop, Jean-Eugène was to tinker with mechanical toys and
automatic figures.
With his work in the shop, Jean-Eugène was still practicing magic. Quite by accident, Robert-Houdin walked into a shop on the Rue Richelieu and discovered that it sold magic. He visited the store, which was owned by a Père (Papa) Roujol.
There, he met fellow magicians, both amateur and professional, where he engaged in talk about conjuring, and he met an aristocrat by the name of Jules de Rovère, who coined the term
"prestidigitation" to describe a major misdirection technique magicians used.
At Papa Roujol's, Robert-Houdin learned the details to many of the mechanical tricks of the time as well as how to improve them. From there, he built his own mechanical figures, like a singing bird, a dancer on a tightrope, and an
automaton
An automaton (; : automata or automatons) is a relatively self-operating machine, or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions. Some automata, such as bellstrikers i ...
doing the cups and balls. His most acclaimed automaton was his writing and drawing figure. He displayed this figure before
King Louis Philippe and eventually sold it to
P. T. Barnum
Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, and politician remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and founding with James Anthony Bailey the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. He was ...
.
On 19 October 1843, Josèphe died at the age of thirty-two,
having been ill for months. At her death, having three young children to take care of, he remarried in August to Françoise Marguerite Olympe Braconnier, a woman ten years younger,
who soon took over the household.
Robert-Houdin loved to watch the big magic shows that came to Paris.
He dreamed about some day opening his own theatre. In the meantime, he was hired by a friend by the name of Count de l'Escalopier
to perform at private parties.
Now that he had free time, he began constructing equipment for his own use instead of selling it to others.
The income from the shop and his new inventions gave him enough money to experiment on new tricks using glass apparatus that would be (or at least appear to be) free of trickery. He envisioned a stage that would be as elegant as the drawing rooms in which he was hired to perform. He also decided that a magician should be dressed as such by wearing traditional evening clothes.
Opening the "Palais Royale"
He obtained financial backing from Count de l'Escalopier, who fronted him
the 15,000 francs
to turn his vision into reality. He rented out a suite of rooms above the archways around the gardens of the Palais Royal, which was once owned by
Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), commonly known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a Catholic Church in France, French Catholic prelate and statesman who had an outsized influence in civil and religi ...
. He hired workmen to redesign the old assembly room into a theatre. They painted it white with gold trim. Tasteful drapes were hung, chic candelabras were placed throughout, and the stage furniture was set in the style of
Louis XV
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached maturity (then defi ...
.
On 3 July 1845, Robert-Houdin premiered his 200-seat
Théâtre Robert-Houdin in what he called "Soirées fantastiques". No critics covered Robert-Houdin's debut, and in his memoirs, Robert-Houdin said that the show had been a disaster. He suffered from stage fright that caused him to talk too fast and in a monotone. He said that he did not know what he was saying or doing, and everything was a blur. He believed that a magician should not present a trick until it was mechanically perfected to be certain of avoiding failure, and this caused him to over-rehearse.
After the first show, he was close to having a nervous breakdown. He closed the theatre and had every intention to close it for good, until a friend agreed that the venture was a silly idea. Instead of admitting defeat, Robert-Houdin, irked at the friend's effrontery, used this insult to regain his courage, and persevered in giving the show a long run at his little theatre.
Although the forty-year-old magician was unpolished at first, he soon gained the confidence required for the stage.
With each performance, Robert-Houdin got better, and he began to receive critical acclaim. ''
Le Charivari'' and ''
L'Illustration
''L'Illustration'' (; 1843–1944) was a French language, French illustrated weekly newspaper published in Paris. It was founded by Édouard Charton with the first issue published on 4 March 1843, it became the first illustrated newspaper in ...
'' both said that his mechanical marvels and artistic magic were comparable to those of his predecessors like Philippe and
Bartolomeo Bosco. Even with all of this, still relatively few people would come to the little theatre during the summer months, and he struggled to keep it open. To meet expenses, he sold the three houses that he had inherited from his mother.
The following year, he added a new trick to his programme that became especially popular. Seats at the Palais Royal were at a premium. This new marvel was called ''
Second Sight
Extrasensory perception (ESP), also known as a sixth sense, or cryptaesthesia, is a claimed paranormal ability pertaining to reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses, but sensed with the mind. The term was ado ...
''. ''Second Sight'' drew the audiences into the little theatre. Once there, they saw the other creations Robert-Houdin had to offer.
He also performed outside Paris, sometimes with local magicians, as he did in
Liège
Liège ( ; ; ; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the Liège Province, province of Liège, Belgium. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east o ...
in 1846 with the then well-known Belgian magician
Louis Courtois.
Famous illusions
Robert-Houdin combined his mechanical abilities along with "showmanship, humour, and artistic handling" to produce his illusions.
Robert-Houdin felt that every magic programme should be arranged so one trick builds upon the others. One surprise should lead to an even bigger surprise. Some of the tricks and illusions Robert-Houdin presented became classics. Here are a few of them.
Second sight
When Robert-Houdin first opened his theatre, it was sparsely attended and he realized that he needed something more extraordinary that would bring the public to his theatre. So he came upon the idea of doing a two-person mind-reading act, concocting a silly story about how his son Émile had created a game of hot and cold that resulted in Robert-Houdin using it for the stage.
He named the trick "Second Sight", a title that was already used by magicians such as
John Henry Anderson, but the effect was entirely different. Anderson had a box into which items were inserted. The medium would then describe the contents inside. In Robert-Houdin's version, he walked into the audience and touched items that the audience held up, and his blindfolded assistant, played by his son, described each one in detail. It caused a sensation and brought the throng to see his shows.
Eventually, Robert-Houdin changed the method, so instead of asking his son what was in his hands, he simply rang a bell. This stunned those that suspected a spoken code. He would even set the bell off to the side and remain silent, and his son still described every object handed to his father.
Robert-Houdin made the test even more difficult. He placed a glass of water into his son's hands, and Émile proceeded to drink from it. He was able to perceive the taste of the liquids that spectators from the audience merely thought of.
Even then, the audiences were not entirely convinced; they tried to trip up Émile by bringing in books written in Greek, or odd tools such as a thread counter.
The ethereal suspension
During Robert-Houdin's time, all of Paris was enthusiastically talking about the mysterious uses of "
ether
In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula , where R and R� ...
".
He took advantage of this by presenting an illusion that appeared to use the pungent liquid. He told the audience that he had discovered a marvelous new property of ether. "If one has a living person inhale this liquid when it is at its highest degree of concentration, the body of the patient for a few moments becomes as light as a balloon," Robert-Houdin claimed.
He proceeded to "prove" just that. He placed three stools on a wooden bench. His youngest son Eugène stood on the middle one. With the instructions from his father, he extended his arms. Robert-Houdin placed two canes on top of the stools and positioned them under his son's arms.
He took a vial of ether and opened it. The audience smelled it wafting through the theatre. He placed the vial under his son's nose, and he went limp. In reality, the vial was empty, with the odour being produced by his son Émile pouring real ether on a hot iron shovel.
Robert-Houdin took the stool away from his son's feet, and he just hung limp as a rag. He took away one of the canes, so he was dangling by one arm, and carefully placed his head against his upraised hand. This was startling enough. What he did next was stunning. He lifted his boy upright in a horizontal position by his little finger and then let go until he was suspended in mid air.
Robert-Houdin stepped away to leave his son in that suspended state, balanced only by his right elbow and no other support.
When it was apparent that the drug was wearing off, Robert-Houdin returned his son to his upright position. When he woke up, he seemed no worse for wear.
Robert-Houdin built up the surprise of spectators until, "… by gradually heightening it up to the moment when, so to speak, it exploded."
This brought letters of protest against Robert-Houdin, thinking he was putting his son's health in jeopardy, although the ether had nothing to do with the trick.
Robert-Houdin was not the first to perform the Levitation Illusion. The first in Europe was
Ching Lau Lauro in the 1830s.
[Houdini, Harry, ''Unmasking of Robert-Houdin'' (New York: Publishers Printing Co., 1908)]
(Kindle edition: ) Retrieved 14 December 2013. The illusion was also reported to be performed by an Indian conjuror before that, but sitting cross-legged rather than lying down.
The Marvelous Orange Tree
This trick was likely inspired by the Indian mango tree trick, where a performer would grow a tree from a seed to a sprout, then into a tree with fruit.
On one of Robert-Houdin's side tables, he had an egg, a lemon, and an orange. He went into the audience and borrowed a lady's handkerchief that was in style then. He rolled it into a ball. He rubbed the ball in between his hands, and the handkerchief got smaller and smaller until it disappeared, passing through to the egg on the table.
Carefully, he picked up the egg. The audience expected him to crack it open and produce the spectator's handkerchief. Instead, he made that disappear too. He told the audience that the egg went to the lemon. This was repeated with the lemon and the orange. When he made the orange disappear, all that was left was a fine powder. This was placed into a silver vial. He soaked this vial with alcohol and set it on fire.
A small orange tree planted in a wooden box was brought forth by one of his assistants. The audience noticed that the tree was barren of any blossoms or fruit. The blue flame from the vial was placed underneath it. The vapors from it caused the leaves to spread and sprout orange blossoms from it. Robert-Houdin then picked up his magic wand and waved it. The flowers disappeared and oranges bloomed forth.
He plucked the oranges from the tree and tossed them to the audience to prove they were real. He did this until he only had one left. He waved his wand again, and the orange split open into four sections, revealing a white material of sorts inside of it. Two clockwork butterflies appeared from behind the tree. The butterflies grabbed the end of the corner of the white cloth and spread it open, revealing the spectator's handkerchief.
The Marvelous Orange Tree trick was used by the eponymous conjurer in
Steven Millhauser's short story "Eisenheim the Illusionist" and its film adaptation
''The Illusionist'' (2006), where a more complex variant is shown. It is also alluded to in
Donald Barthelme's short story "Sentence".
Robert-Houdin's portfolio
Robert-Houdin brought in under his arm a large portfolio used for holding documents or art work. The portfolio was only about one and three-quarters of an inch thick, too small or too thin to hold anything but pictures.
He set it on two thin trestles to hold the case with the spine facing the audience.
He removed the expected drawings from it.
One of those pictures showed a bareheaded woman. Then, he produced two lady's bonnets decorated with flowers; one for winter, the other for summer. He lowered the flap for each production. Then, he showed a picture of birds, followed by a stuffed bird flat as a pancake.
With that, he proceeded to produce from the portfolio four live turtle doves.
He showed a picture of a cartoon of two cooks fighting with pots.
This was followed by three enormous copper pots. One was filled with beans, another with flames bursting forth, and the third pot was filled with boiling water.
As an afterthought, he lifted the top flap of the portfolio
and pulled out a large cage filled with birds.
He walked forward towards the audience with the square cage, and they applauded thinking the trick was over. "Nothing here now—neither anything, nor anybody," he said as he knocked on the upright flap.
For a finale, he closed the portfolio one last time and produced his young son from it.
The light and heavy chest
The number of tricks he invented for his theatre was extensive, but his most remarkable one was the "Light and Heavy Chest". He took advantage of the infancy of the usage of electricity, especially the then-novelty of
Hans Christian Ørsted
Hans Christian Ørsted (; 14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851), sometimes Transliteration, transliterated as Oersted ( ), was a Danish chemist and physicist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields. This phenomenon is known as ...
's discovery of
electromagnetism
In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
, to his advantage. Robert-Houdin brought on a small wooden box about a foot wide. He said that he had found a way to protect it from thieves. He asked a spectator to lift it, usually a small child. The child lifted it with ease. Then, he brought an adult male up from the audience and asked him to lift the same box. The adult male was unable to lift the box.
Inventions pirated
Robert-Houdin's inventions were pirated by his trusted mechanic Le Grand, who was arrested for making and selling duplicate illusions.
Many of those illusions fell into the hands of his competitors, such as John Henry Anderson, Robin,
Robert Heller, and
Compars Herrmann. It is not known whether Herrmann or the others bought the illusions directly from LeGrand or from another source, but they willingly performed the illusions after knowing that they were invented by Robert-Houdin.
Robert-Houdin on tour
Robert-Houdin's little theatre became a mecca for magic enthusiasts.
Herrmann was a constant visitor to the Palais Royal. It became the place for the Paris elite to go. Even King Louis Philippe rented out the room for a private performance. After the triumph he gave at the Royal Palace, in 1847, the king decided to take his entourage to see Robert-Houdin at the Palais Royal.
The following February, a revolution ended the reign of Louis-Philippe. With it, show business also ended.
The Revolution closed all Parisian theatres.
Robert-Houdin shut down his theatre and went on the road.
He toured the Continent briefly,
and then he headed off to Great Britain.
With a company of French dramatists, Robert-Houdin made his English debut at the St. James Theatre in London. He presented his programme three times a week.
Much to his dismay, he found out that Compars Herrmann had beaten him to the territory. Not only was he billing himself as "the Premier Prestidigitateur of France",
but he was also using pirated versions of his illusions.
Despite this, Robert-Houdin still accomplished a success there. So much so, in 1848, he did a command performance for Queen Victoria. After a three-month tour of England, he went back home after about a year and a half away. He reopened the theatre and became a permanent fixture in Paris.
In 1850, he handed the Palais Royal to his brother-in-law Hamilton (Pierre Etienne Chocat). This left him free to tour France. He did so for two years. Then he went to Germany and on a return engagement to England, where he ended up performing a second time for Queen Victoria.
He did a brief tour of France and then, at the age of 48, retired from public performances. He gave the theatre back to Hamilton, who continued to fill the little theatre.
After Robert-Houdin retired, he devoted himself to his inventions with electricity and his writings. His home, "Le Prieuré" (the Priory), was a marvel in advancement.
Magic mission to Algeria
In 1856, he was asked by
Louis-Napoleon to pacify the tribes in
French Algeria
French Algeria ( until 1839, then afterwards; unofficially ; ), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of History of Algeria, Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France. French rule lasted until ...
. During this period, the French Army commanders maintained order in the newly pacified region. They supervised local Muslim administrations and the "
bureaux arabes". These areas were closed off to colonization by the Europeans. Napoleon III was worried about religious leaders called
Marabouts. The Marabouts were able to control their tribe with their faux magical abilities.
They advised their leaders to break ranks with the French.
Napoleon wanted Robert-Houdin to show that French magic was stronger.
The magical mission began with an informal show at the Bab Azoun Theatre in Algeria, where he would give performances twice weekly.
He also gave many special galas before the country's tribal chiefs. He used ''The Light and Heavy Chest'' during these performances, but instead of playing it for comedy as he had in Paris, here he played it straight. Robert-Houdin once invited the strongest tribesman on stage and asked the Arabian to pick up the wooden chest placed on stage. The Arabian picked it up with no problem. Then Robert-Houdin announced that he was going to sap his strength. He waved his wand and declared: "Contemplez ! Maintenant vous êtes plus faible qu'une femme ; essayez de soulever la boîte." ("Behold! Now you are weaker than a woman; try to lift the box.") The Arabian pulled on the handle of the chest, but it would not budge. He tried and tried until he tried to rip it apart. Instead, he screamed in pain, as Robert-Houdin had rigged the box to give the Arabian an electrical shock if he tried to rip the handles off. The Arabian let go of the handle, ran off into the aisle, and ran screaming out of the theatre.
After his performances were done, he gave a special presentation for several chief men of their tribe. He was invited to the home of the head of the tribe of the desert interior, Bou-Allem. In dawn of the Arab desert, Robert-Houdin was challenged to do a special trick. He obliged by inviting one of the rebels to shoot at him with a marked bullet, which he caught between his teeth. He was given a certificate from Bou-Allem,
who wore a red robe symbolizing his loyalty to France. With this scroll praising his mysterious manifestations, Robert-Houdin went back to France with the mission accomplished.
"The blow was struck", Robert-Houdin said, "...henceforth the interpreters and all those who had dealings with the Arabs received orders to make them understand that my pretended miracles were only the result of skill, inspired and guided by an art called prestidigitation, in no way connected with sorcery". He went on to say, "The Arabs doubtless yielded to these arguments, for henceforth I was on the most friendly terms with them."
He was rewarded for his services by the French government for suppressing any possible rebellion.
Retirement and death
After his mission in Algeria was completed, Robert-Houdin gave his last public performance at the Grand Théâtre in
Marseille
Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...
, then returned to his home in Saint-Gervais, near his native Blois, where he wrote his memoirs, ''Confidences d'un Prestidigitateur''. He also wrote several books on the art of magic. He lived happily in retirement for about fifteen years, until the advent of the
Franco Prussian War. His son Eugène was a captain in a
Zouave
The Zouaves () were a class of light infantry regiments of the French Army and other units modelled on it, which served between 1830 and 1962, and served in French North Africa. The zouaves were among the most decorated units of the French Army ...
regiment. On 6 August 1870, Robert-Houdin heard news of his son being mortally wounded at the
Battle of Wörth. Meanwhile,
Hessian Soldiers captured Paris, and Robert-Houdin hid his family in a cave near his property. The Russian soldiers were very rude, according to Robert-Houdin, but he found the Polish soldiers to be a lot kinder.
Four days later, Robert-Houdin was to find out that his son had died of his wounds. With the stress from that and the war, his health deteriorated, and he contracted pneumonia. On 13 June 1871, he died of his illness at the age of 65.
Legacy
His home in Blois is open to the public as the publicly owned
La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin
The Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin (French language, French for "Robert-Houdin House of Magic (illusion), Magic") is a museum which faces the Royal Château de Blois. It is located in the Loir-et-Cher ''département in France, département'' ...
. It is a museum and theatre first opened by his grandson Paul Robert-Houdin in April 1966.
As a
museum of France and bearing the official label of "Musée de France", it is the only public museum in Europe that incorporates in one place collections of magic and a site for permanent performing arts.
The creation of such a site is directly linked to the personality of Robert-Houdin.
Several of Robert-Houdin's apparatuses, including automata and mystery clocks, reside in
David Copperfield
''David Copperfield''Dickens invented over 14 variations of the title for this work; see is a novel by English author Charles Dickens, narrated by the eponymous David Copperfield, detailing his adventures in his journey from infancy to matur ...
's private museum.
In December 1852, the Theatre Robert-Houdin moved from its original location to the Boulevard des Italiens in Paris. Ownership passed from Hamilton to Cleverman (François Lahire), then to Robert-Houdin's son Émile. Emile was too busy to perform at the theatre, so he arranged for Pierre Edouard Brunnet to present the show.
After his death, Émile's widow sold the theatre to
Georges Méliès
Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès ( , ; 8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French magic (illusion), magician, toymaker, actor, and filmmaker. He led many technical and narrative developments in the early days of film, cinema, primarily in th ...
in 1888. Méliès, himself a magician but best known to history as one of the greatest early innovators of film making, later presented his first movies there. He accidentally discovered
stop-action special effects and presented his creation at the Theatre Robert-Houdin. One of his classics is ''
A Trip to the Moon
''A Trip to the Moon'' ( , ) is a 1902 French science-fiction adventure trick film written, directed, and produced by Georges Méliès. Inspired by the Jules Verne novel ''From the Earth to the Moon'' (1865) and its sequel '' Around the Moon ...
''. In 1924, the building was demolished.
Robert-Houdin's autobiography is ''The Memoirs of Robert-Houdin''. His life and works are also cited in
Robertson Davies
William Robertson Davies (28 August 1913 – 2 December 1995) was a Canadian novelist, playwright, critic, journalist, and professor. He was one of Canada's best known and most popular authors and one of its most distinguished " men of letters" ...
's "
Deptford Trilogy", notably in the trilogy's third novel, ''
World of Wonders'', which takes place on the set of a movie about Robert-Houdin.
In his book ''Hiding the Elephant'',
Jim Steinmeyer said that every magician of the 20th century was "haunted" by Robert-Houdin, "... who cast an enormous shadow over their generation".
Hungarian-American magician and escape artist
Harry Houdini
Erik Weisz (March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926), known professionally as Harry Houdini ( ), was a Hungarian-American escapologist, illusionist, and stunt performer noted for his escape acts.
Houdini first attracted notice in vaudeville in ...
(born Ehrich Weiss) was so impressed by Robert-Houdin that, after reading his autobiography in 1890, Weiss adopted the stage name of "Houdini" in honour of Robert-Houdin. He incorrectly believed that an ''i'' on the end of a name meant "like" in French; but Houdini, his own career and reputation established by that time, later lost his youthful respect for Robert-Houdin, believing that he took undue credit for other magicians' innovations, and wrote ''
The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin'' in 1908.
Robert-Houdin is often credited as being "the father of modern magic". Before him, magicians performed in marketplaces and fairs, for the lower classes, but Robert-Houdin performed magic in theatres and private parties for wealthier patrons.
He also chose to wear formal clothes, like those of his more upscale audiences, which has become a tradition for many modern magicians who wear
tail-coats.
Many cities have streets that bear his name:
Blois
Blois ( ; ) is a commune and the capital city of Loir-et-Cher Departments of France, department, in Centre-Val de Loire, France, on the banks of the lower Loire river between Orléans and Tours.
With 45,898 inhabitants by 2019, Blois is the mos ...
,
Bourges
Bourges ( ; ; ''Borges'' in Berrichon) is a commune in central France on the river Yèvre (Cher), Yèvre. It is the capital of the Departments of France, department of Cher (department), Cher, and also was the capital city of the former provin ...
,
Caen
Caen (; ; ) is a Communes of France, commune inland from the northwestern coast of France. It is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Calvados (department), Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inha ...
, Paris (11th),
Saint-Étienne
Saint-Étienne (; Franco-Provençal: ''Sant-Etiève''), also written St. Etienne, is a city and the prefecture of the Loire département, in eastern-central France, in the Massif Central, southwest of Lyon, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes regi ...
, and
Saint-Gervais-la-Forêt in France;
Monticiano
Monticiano is a town and ''comune'' on the right bank of the Val di Merse, Province of Siena, Tuscany, central Italy. The town is situated on the Colline Metallifere. One of its ''frazione, frazioni'', Bagni di Petriolo, is popular for its Therma ...
in
Siena
Siena ( , ; traditionally spelled Sienna in English; ) is a city in Tuscany, in central Italy, and the capital of the province of Siena. It is the twelfth most populated city in the region by number of inhabitants, with a population of 52,991 ...
, Italy; and others.
Image:Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin statue (Blois).jpg, Statue in front of Robert-Houdin's home in Blois
Image:Plaque Robert-Houdin, 11 rue de Valois, Paris 1.jpg, Commemorative plaque, 11 rue de Valois
The Rue de Valois () is a street in the Palais-Royal quarter in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France.
Description
The 377-meter-long-street starts at 202, Rue Saint-Honoré and ends at 1, Rue de Beaujolais. It has a north-south orientation ...
in Paris, where one could experience the ''Soirées fantastiques'' of Robert-Houdin
Publications
* ''Confidences d'un prestidigitateur, une vie d'artiste'', 2 vol., 1858
Texte en ligne sur Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical charac ...
: vol. 1 et vol. 2
* ''Les Tricheries des Grecs dévoilées ; l'art de gagner à tous les jeux'', 1861
* ''Le Prieuré, organisations mystérieuses pour le confort et l'agrément d'une demeure'', 1867
Texte en ligne su Gallica
/small>
* ''Note sur de nouveaux instruments propres à l'observation des divers organes de l'œil ainsi qu'à la manifestation des images entoptiques'', 1867
* ''Confidences et révélations'', 1868. Réédition: Slatkine, Genève, 1980 Texte en ligne sur Gallica
/small>
* ''Comment on devient sorcier: les secrets de la prestidigitation et de la magie'', 1871
* ''Magie et physique amusante'', 1877
Films and television
* 1896: '' Escamotage d'une dame chez Robert-Houdin'' ("Retraction of a Lady at the House of Robert-Houdin"), film of Georges Méliès
Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès ( , ; 8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French magic (illusion), magician, toymaker, actor, and filmmaker. He led many technical and narrative developments in the early days of film, cinema, primarily in th ...
, first film with special effects
* 1995: ''Robert-Houdin une vie de magicien'', film of Jean-Luc Muller, documentary
* 2006: ''The Illusionist'' (2006 film), in which the title character performs some of Robert-Houdin's signature tricks
* 2011: ''Hugo'', features an automaton, reenactments of Houdin's illusions, and information about how he inspired Méliès.
* 2013: '' Mysteries at the Museum'', Travel Channel television program, featured the story of Robert-Houdin's Algerian mission and the role of the wooden chest now on display at the Salon de Magie. Portrayed by American actor Paul Meltzer.
See also
* List of magic museums
A list is a set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of the list-maker, but ...
References
*
*
Further reading
* The fourth volume contains facsimiles of fantastic memories of evenings in which the reproduction of two models of fans, a DVD and a flip book were created for the occasion on the basis of a series of photographs taken by Disdéri studio. This flip book was finalized based on an idea outlined by Jean-Guy Fechner, Fechner's younger brother and former Christian group The Chariot. The works were staged by Roger Faluci.
*
External links
*
*
*
''A Conjurer's Confessions'' by M. Robert-Houdin
''Memoirs of Robert-Houdin'' by M. Robert-Houdin
''The Old and the new magic'' by Henry Ridgely Evans
''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', November 1877
''Robert-Houdin, A Magician's Life''
– TV documentary (French) produced in 1995 and released on DVD (French and English version) in 2005, with extra footage and documentary material.
Memoirs of Robert-Houdin
From th
at the Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C., serving as the library and research service for the United States Congress and the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It also administers Copyright law o ...
MagicPedia – Robert Houdin
{{DEFAULTSORT:Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugene
1805 births
1871 deaths
19th-century French memoirists
Animatronic engineers
French magicians
People from Blois
Deaths from pneumonia in France