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Jacques Clément (1567 – 1 August 1589) was a French conspirator and the regicide of King Henry III.


Early life

He was born at Serbonnes, in today's Yonne '' département'', in Burgundy, and became a lay brother of the Third Order of Saint Dominic. During the
French Wars of Religion The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholic Church, Catholics and Protestantism, Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease di ...
, Clément became an ardent partisan of the Catholic League. The League's determination to prevent regime change efforts by adherents of Protestantism was inspired by the writings of the English Catholic refugee Richard Verstegan, who published accounts in
Antwerp Antwerp (; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of Antwerp Province, and the third-largest city in Belgium by area at , after ...
of the recent suffering of English, Welsh, and Irish Catholic Martyrs under the Protestant monarchy of
Elizabeth I of England Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudor. Her eventful reign, and its effect on history ...
. The League accordingly viewed
Protestantism Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...
as a dangerous
heresy Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of heresy. Heresy in Heresy in Christian ...
that must be destroyed to prevent a similar
religious persecution Religious persecution is the systematic oppression of an individual or a group of individuals as a response to their religion, religious beliefs or affiliations or their irreligion, lack thereof. The tendency of societies or groups within socie ...
of the Catholic Church in France. Clément, as a League supporter, often talked, as was advocated by the Catholic League, of the necessity for a war of extermination against the
Huguenots The Huguenots ( , ; ) are a Religious denomination, religious group of French people, French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, ...
. Clément accordingly opposed the King's beliefs, as a , that only a strong and centralised, yet religiously tolerant monarchy with monopoly on political and military power could save France from continued Wars of Religion or even from another Hundred Years War. In retaliation for the recent
targeted killing Targeted killing is a form of assassination carried out by governments Extrajudicial killing, outside a judicial procedure or a battlefield. Since the late 20th century, the legal status of targeted killing has become a subject of contention wit ...
s of the Catholic League's leaders; Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal de Guise, Clément eventually formed a plan for a decapitation strike of the French government by assassinating Henry III. His ideas were approved by some of the heads of the League, in particular, by the late Duke and Cardinal's sister, Catherine de Guise, Duchess Montpensier. Clément was promised worldly rewards if he survived and eternal bliss for committing tyrannicide if he fell. Having received confidential letters for the king, he left
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
on 31 July 1589 and reached Saint-Cloud, the headquarters of Henry, who was besieging Paris, on 1 August 1589.


Assassination

Clément was admitted to the king's presence, and while he was presenting his letters he told the king he had an important and highly confidential message to deliver. The attendants then withdrew and, as Clément leaned in to whisper in Henry's ear, he mortally wounded him with a dagger concealed beneath his cloak. The assassin was immediately killed by the returning attendants, but Henry III, after pleading with Navarre that his own conversion to Catholicism was the only way to save the Kingdom from protracted civil war, died early in the morning of the following day. Clément's body was
posthumously Posthumous may refer to: * Posthumous award, an award, prize or medal granted after the recipient's death * Posthumous publication, publishing of creative work after the author's death * Posthumous (album), ''Posthumous'' (album), by Warne Marsh, 1 ...
quartered and burned at the stake. Although traditionally seen by both Protestant and Royalist as a brutal act motivated by religious fanaticism, the regicide was viewed with very different feelings by the nobles and commons of Paris, who had expelled the King during the recent Day of the Barricades, and by the many partisans of the League. Catherine de Guise, Duchess Montpensier, who had sanctioned Clément's plans to avenge the recent assassinations of her brothers, is said to have been particularly overjoyed and to have immediately boasted of her own role in plotting the regicide. Clément was even seen in some circles as a
martyr A martyr (, ''mártys'', 'witness' Word stem, stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In ...
and his actions were praised as tyrannicide by Pope Sixtus V, as well as the Jesuit historian and political philosopher Juan de Mariana, S.J. His praise was such that even the possibility of opening his cause for
canonization Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christianity, Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon ca ...
was discussed. On the other side, atheist philosopher
Jean Meslier Jean Meslier (; also Mellier; 15 June 1664 – 17 June 1729) was a French Catholic priest (abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism and materialism. Described by the author as ...
praised Clément as a freedom fighter against the alleged tyranny represented by Henri III's determination to transform France from a feudal monarchy with a long history of provincial self-government into a centralised and absolute monarchy. Le Laboureur, however,
anagram An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of a different word or phrase, typically using all the original letters exactly once. For example, the word ''anagram'' itself can be rearranged into the phrase "nag a ram"; which ...
matized "Frère Jacques Clément" into "C'est l'enfer qui m'a créé" ("It is hell that created me").


References

* See E Lavisse, ''Histoire de France'', tome vi. (Paris, 1904). {{DEFAULTSORT:Clement, Jacques 1567 births 1589 deaths French Dominicans French Roman Catholics 16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs 16th-century venerated Christians French people of the French Wars of Religion French regicides