Jack Kirby's Fourth World

"Fourth World" is a metaseries of connected comic book titles written and drawn by Jack Kirby and published by DC Comics from 1970 to 1973. Although they were not marketed under this title until the August–September 1971 issues of ''New Gods'' and ''Forever People'', the terms ''Fourth World'' and ''Jack Kirby's Fourth World'' have gained usage in the years since.
Kirby created the Fourth World concept in the 1970s. The series is a science-fiction based mythology that revolves around ancient space deities known as the New Gods. The New Gods are similar to the gods of Earth lore.

Publication history

Initial 1970s comics

As the newsstand distribution system for comics began to break down, Jack Kirby foresaw a day when comics would need to find alternate venues for sale. Toward this end, Kirby envisioned a finite series that would be serialized and collected in one tome after the series had concluded. He began the "Fourth World" in '' Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #133 (Oct. 1970). DC Comics had planned to introduce the "Fourth World" titles in the November 1970 issue of their preview omnibus title, '' Showcase''. Kirby reportedly objected to this, and ''Showcase'' was cancelled. This delayed the introduction of the "Fourth World" titles until the following year. The three original titles constituting the "Fourth World" were ''The Forever People'', ''Mister Miracle'', and ''The New Gods''.

Unhappy with Marvel Comics at the time, as he had created a plethora of characters without having copyright or creative custody of them, Kirby turned to rival publisher DC Comics, with his sketches and designs for a new group of heroes and villains. He had first showed them to Stan Lee, who liked them, but wanted to fold them into already existing titles. So Kirby decided to keep them for himself. When Carmine Infantino visited Kirby and his family for Passover, he showed him his designs and ideas. Infantino told him that he wanted to bring them to DC. Worsening conditions at Marvel and promises from DC made Kirby decide to switch company. As author Marc Flores, who writes under the pen name Ronin Ro, described:

"The Fourth World" dealt with the battle between good and evil as represented by the worlds of New Genesis and Apokolips. Darkseid, the evil lord of Apokolips, seeks the Anti-Life Equation which will allow him to control the thoughts of all living beings. Opposing him is Orion, his son, who was raised on New Genesis. Other characters caught in the battle included the Forever People, an extension of the kid gang concept from the 1940s with a group of adolescents adventuring without an adult supervisor; Mister Miracle, a native of New Genesis raised on Apokolips who triumphed over a torturous childhood to become the world's greatest escape artist; and Lightray, the heroic warrior of New Genesis. Their adventures would take them to Earth where the war continued.

Comics historian Les Daniels observed in 1995 that "Kirby's mix of slang and myth, science fiction and the Bible, made for a heady brew, but the scope of his vision has endured". In 2007, comics writer Grant Morrison commented that "Kirby's dramas were staged across Jungian vistas of raw symbol and storm... The Fourth World saga crackles with the voltage of Jack Kirby's boundless imagination let loose onto paper".

The Fourth World characters reappeared in various titles. In 1976, the New Gods were featured in the last issue of '' 1st Issue Special''. ''The New Gods'' series relaunched in July 1977, and with ''1st Issue Special'' still a relatively recent publication, it picked up where the storyline of that issue left off. Although the title remained "The New Gods" in the indicia and retained its original numbering, launching with #12, the covers used the title "The Return of the New Gods". Gerry Conway wrote the series and Don Newton drew it. Mister Miracle teamed-up with Batman three times in '' The Brave and the Bold'', and the ''Mister Miracle'' series was revived in September 1977 by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers. Steve Gerber and Michael Golden produced three issues ending with #25 (Sept. 1978), with several storylines unresolved. Mister Miracle teamed with Superman in '' DC Comics Presents'' #12 (Aug. 1979) and the New Gods met the Justice League of America and the Justice Society of America in ''Justice League of America'' #183–185 (Oct–Dec 1980). " The Great Darkness Saga" storyline in ''Legion of Super-Heroes'' vol. 2 featured the team battling Darkseid a thousand years in the future.

Origin of the name

Mark Evanier, who worked as Kirby's assistant in the 1970s and later wrote an award-winning Kirby biography, has said that there are multiple, mutually-exclusive explanations for why Kirby chose the name "Fourth World", adding that "if you'd asked Jack eight times, you'd have gotten eight more"; ultimately, Evanier concluded that none of the suggested explanations are plausible, and that it is most likely "just a term that popped into irby'shead and he liked the sound of it. Later on, he came up with several different retroactive explanations".The Jack FAQ, page 2
by Mark Evanier, at NewsFromME.com; published no later than March 7, 2021 (earliest date of page 1 on archive.org); retrieved October 4, 2022

1984 reprint series

In 1984, DC Comics reprinted Jack Kirby's original 11 issues of ''The New Gods'' in a six-issue limited series. The first five issues each reprinted two consecutive issues of the original series. The mini-series' final issue was originally intended to include a reprint of ''New Gods'' vol. 1 #11 and a new 24-page story which would conclude the series and end with both Darkseid and Orion dead. DC editors prevented Kirby from using his original intended ending. Kirby instead turned in a one-off story called "On the Road to Armagetto" which was rejected as well, due to the fact that it did not contain a definitive ending to the series. A 48-page new story called "Even Gods Must Die" was published instead, serving as a prologue for ''The Hunger Dogs'' graphic novel, which was greenlit to conclude the series.

''The Hunger Dogs'' was designed to give an ending to the story of the New Gods, while fulfilling editorial mandates that the New Gods be kept alive to ensure future use of the characters by later writers. It incorporated several pages from the unpublished "On the Road to Armagetto" story and brought Kirby's ''New Gods'' series to a close as the "hunger dogs", the citizens of Apokolips, overthrow Darkseid.

Later revivals

Concurrent with DC's ''New Gods'' reprint series in 1984, Kirby worked on two '' Super Powers'' comic book limited series for DC Comics in which he continued the Fourth World characters and mythology.

A ''Forever People'' miniseries was published in 1988. Mister Miracle was featured in '' Justice League International'' by J. M. DeMatteis and Keith Giffen and a series of his own written by DeMatteis. The Fourth World characters were prominently featured in '' Cosmic Odyssey'', which led to a third ''New Gods'' series (February 1989 – August 1991), written by Mark Evanier, which fleshed out details about the history of many New Gods, most notably introducing Darkseid's father Yuga Khan. A fourth ''New Gods'' series was launched in October 1995, and a third ''Mister Miracle'' series in April 1996.
Both of these were replaced in March 1997 by the ''Jack Kirby's Fourth World'' series, written and drawn by John Byrne. Walt Simonson wrote and drew an ''Orion'' solo series from June 2000 to June 2002.

Writer Grant Morrison used some of the Fourth World mythology in various titles they worked on, including their run on '' JLA'', with Orion and Big Barda becoming members, and in the '' Seven Soldiers'' metaseries, in which the New Gods, especially Mister Miracle, played a major role. They are seen creating Aurakles, the first superhero.

The ''Death of the New Gods'' limited series (October 2007 – April 2008) was written and drawn by Jim Starlin. ''Final Crisis'' brought about the end of the Fourth World and the dawn of the Fifth as Darkseid was destroyed and several New Gods are resurrected.

With the reboot of the DC Universe following '' Flashpoint'', the deaths of the New Gods and Darkseid have been removed from canon and the characters are still active. In particular, Darkseid and his uncle Steppenwolf and their attacks on the main DC Universe and Earth 2 play a major role in the rise of the superheroes: the Earth-2 versions of Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman die fighting Steppenwolf while the Earth-1 Justice League forms to fight Darkseid and thwart his invasion of Earth.

A New 52 version of the Forever People debuted in the ''Infinity Man and the Forever People'' series. Serifan is now Serafina, Vykin's sister, and Beautiful Dreamer has been renamed Dreamer Beautiful.

Fifth World

In December 2007, DC Executive Editor Dan DiDio was discussing the aftermath of ''Death of the New Gods'' and pointed to the creation of Fifth World; he said: "It's the advent of the Fifth World... I think we've telegraphed so much that the New Gods are coming upon a rebirth, and the story that we're telling with them now is a continuation of the story that was established when Kirby first conceived the concept. Talk about death—Kirby blew up worlds at the start of the series. The story started with, 'The Old Gods Died!' which made room for the New Gods—we're picking up that thread and launching the DCU into the future".

That series led into ''Final Crisis''. DiDio clarified things further, saying that "the Fourth World is over. The battle between the forces of Darkseid and those of Highfather is over, and a new direction is in place for the characters in what will be deemed the Fifth World". The series' writer, Grant Morrison, added: "In Jack Kirby's Fourth World books... it's pretty clear that the New Gods have known about Earth for a long time and in ''JLA'' ten years ago, I suggested that part of their interest in us was rooted in the fact that Earth was destined to become the cradle of a new race of 'Fifth World' super-divinities—an eventuality Darkseid is eager to prevent from occurring". It was during that run on ''JLA'' that Morrison had Metron deliver a speech outlining the general principles:

Later, in the ''JLA'' storyline " World War III", Metron's dialog is more specific: "As New Genesis is to the Fourth World, Earth shall be to the Fifth that is to come".

Collected editions

Trade paperbacks

The Kirby-produced "Fourth World" titles were reprinted by DC in trade paperback format in the early 2000s in black-and-white rather than in color, although the '' Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' preludes were reprinted in color:
* ''Jack Kirby's New Gods'', collects ''The New Gods'' #1–11; 304 pages, December 1997,
* ''Mister Miracle'':
** ''Jack Kirby's Mister Miracle: Super Escape Artist'' collects ''Mr Miracle'' #1–10, 256 pages, September 1998,
** ''Jack Kirby's Fourth World: Featuring Mister Miracle'' collects ''Mister Miracle'' #11–18, 187 pages, July 2001,
* ''Jack Kirby's The Forever People'' collects ''The Forever People'' #1–11, 288 pages, October 1999,
* ''Jimmy Olsen: Adventures by Jack Kirby''
** Volume 1 collects ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #133–141, 183 pages, July 2003,
** Volume 2 collects ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #142–150, 192 pages, October 2004,

Omnibus

DC reprinted the entire Fourth World saga in publishing order in the four volume hardback series ''Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus'' from 2007 to 2008. In addition to the remaining issues of ''Mister Miracle'', ''Forever People'', and ''New Gods'', the fourth Omnibus included the Fourth World character entries written for '' Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe'', the 48-page "Even Gods Must Die!" from the last issue of the 1984 Baxter reprint series, and ''The Hunger Dogs'' graphic novel. The series was reprinted in paperback starting in late 2011. In 2017, in honor of Kirby's 100th birthday, DC Comics released a new hardcover omnibus collecting the story in its entirety. New contents included essays from Mark Evanier and Walter Simonson, and Kirby pencils, profiles, and pinups. The collection was released on December 12 the same year. The $150 omnibus however had a mistake, omitting the splash page from ''Jimmy Olsen'' #148, reprinting a page from an earlier episode instead.

In September 2021, a new edition, correcting the original error, with better quality paper stock at a reduced price was published with 50 additional pages of unpublished material.

* ''Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus''
** Volume 1 collects ''Forever People'' #1–3, ''Mister Miracle'' #1–3, ''The New Gods'' #1–3, ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #133–139, 396 pages, May 2007, (hardcover); December 2011, (paperback)
** Volume 2 collects ''Forever People'' #4–6, ''Mister Miracle'' #4–6, ''The New Gods'' #4–6, ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #141–145, 396 pages, August 2007, (hardcover); April 2012, (paperback)
** Volume 3 collects ''Forever People'' #7–10, ''Mister Miracle'' #7–9, ''The New Gods'' #7–10, ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #146–148, 396 pages, November 2007, (hardcover); August 2012, (paperback)
** Volume 4 collects ''Forever People'' #11; ''Mister Miracle'' #10–18; ''The New Gods'' #11; "Even Gods Must Die" from ''The New Gods'' vol. 2, #6; '' DC Graphic Novel'' #4: "The Hunger Dogs", 424 pages, March 2008, (hardcover); December 2012, (paperback)
* ''Jack Kirbys Fourth World Omnibus HC'', collects ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #133–139 and #141–148, ''The Forever People'' #1–11, ''The New Gods'' #1–11, ''Mister Miracle'' #1–18, ''New Gods'' vol. 2 #1–6, ''DC Graphic Novel'' #4: "The Hunger Dogs", and '' Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe'' #2–3, #6, #8–18, #20, #22 and #25, 1,536 pages, December 2017, (hardcover)

Absolute Editions

* ''Absolute Fourth World by Jack Kirby Vol. 1'' – collects ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #133–139 and #141–145, ''The New Gods'' #1–6, ''The Forever People'' #1–6, ''Mister Miracle'' #1–6, June 2020,
* ''Absolute Fourth World by Jack Kirby Vol. 2'' – collects ''Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #146–148, ''The Forever People'' #7–11, ''The New Gods'' #7–11, ''Mister Miracle'' #7–18, ''Jack Kirby's New Gods'' (reprint series) #6, DC Graphic Novel #4: ''The Hunger Dogs'' and Kirby's ''On the Road to Armagetto''. It also includes a new foreword by Tom Scioli, a gallery of pencil artwork by Kirby and essays by Kirby and Mark Evanier. Release date: January 2022,

Awards

Jack Kirby received a Shazam Award for the original metaseries in the category "Special Achievement by an Individual" in 1971.

In 1998, ''Jack Kirby's New Gods'' by Jack Kirby, edited by Bob Kahan, won both the Harvey Award for "Best Domestic Reprint Project" and the Eisner Award for "Best Archival Collection/Project".

See also

* Jack Kirby bibliography

References

External links

''Forever People''

''Mister Miracle''
and th
''New Gods''
at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

{{New Gods

Fourth World (comics)