''Jabriyya'' ( rooted from j-b-r) was an Islamic theological group based on the belief that humans are controlled by

predestination Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby Go ...

, without having choice or

free will Free will is generally understood as the capacity or ability of people to (a) choice, choose between different possible courses of Action (philosophy), action, (b) exercise control over their actions in a way that is necessary for moral respon ...

, in the sense which gives the meaning of someone who is forced or coerced by destiny. Chapter of= ; concise references from: * quote from= * * * *

Etymology

According to Muḥammad Khalīl Harrās, modern scholar from

Al-Azhar University The Al-Azhar University ( ; , , ) is a public university in Cairo, Egypt. Associated with Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in Islamic Cairo, it is Egypt's oldest degree-granting university and is known as one of the most prestigious universities for Islamic ...

and Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Jabriyya was the fatalist philosophy of those who embraced

predestination in Islam ''Qadar'' (, transliterated ''qadar'',meaning literally "power",J. M. Cowan (ed.) (1976). ''The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic''. Wiesbaden, Germany: Spoken Language Services. but translated variously as: "divine fore-ordainment" ...

without considering the free will (Iradah) of human beings. Thus, it technically became the polar opposite of

Qadariyah Qadariyyah (), also Qadarites or Kadarites, from (), meaning "power", was originally a derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who rejected the concept of predestination in Islam, ''qadr'', and asserted that humans possess absolut ...

, who rejected the fatalism and embrace the free will of creatures entirely; thus, 14th AD Hanafi scholar Ibn Abi al-Izz postulated that both of them are not included as

Sunni Islam Sunni Islam is the largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any Succession to Muhammad, successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr ...

, as Sunni doctrine believed both kind of "Will" existed, as long as "The will of God" existed above "The will of creatures", as the concept of fate or destiny according to Ibn Abi al-Izz are multifaceted without overlapping priority. Al-Shahrastani, a 12th AD Shafi'i scholar; has classified Jabriyya as movement has evolved into two groups. The first group is ''Jabariyyah al-Khalishah'' (extreme Jabriyya), while the second group is ''Jabariyyah Mutawassithah'' (moderate Jabriyya). The first group was the first generation were consisted of

Jahm bin Safwan Jahm bin Safwan () was an Islamic theologian of the Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad period and whose name has given rise to the Jahmiyya moniker. During his lifetime, he attached himself to the rebel leader Al-Harith ibn Surayj, a dissident in Great ...

, , and their followers, who completely rejected

Indeterminism Indeterminism is the idea that events (or certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or are not caused deterministically. It is the opposite of determinism and related to chance. It is highly relevant to the philosophical pr ...

of human will. Meanwhile, the second group was the

Ash'arism Ash'arism (; ) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, a Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (''mujaddid''), and scholastic theologian, in the 9th–10th century. It established an orthodox guideline, based on ...

, who only rejected certain aspects of "creature's will" attribute. In particular, Muhammad Imara from

research member, has stated that the moderate Jabriyya thinking which brought by the Ash'arites adopted

Mu'tazilism Mu'tazilism (, singular ) is an Islamic theological school that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in Basra and Baghdad. Its adherents, the Mu'tazilites, were known for their neutrality in the dispute between Ali and his opponents ...

thought about

, while on the other hand they also inserting portions of extreme Jabriyya by Jahm of rejecting total free will, such as the doctrine to assimilate willed act with compelled act.

History

Historically, the ''Jabriyya'' term was first used during the

Umayyad Caliphate The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (, ; ) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. Uthman ibn Affan, the third of the Rashidun caliphs, was also a member o ...

era in Basra. The first accused of this school was al-Ja'd ibn Dirham (executed in 724). According to modern western historian Josef van, the term of ''Jabriyya'' historically became a derogatory term used by different Islamic groups to denounce their opposing view; which technically its not an established school of thought. The Ash'ariyah used the term ''Jabriyya'' in the first place to describe the followers of

Jahm ibn Safwan Jahm bin Safwan () was an Islamic theologian of the Umayyad period and whose name has given rise to the Jahmiyya moniker. During his lifetime, he attached himself to the rebel leader Al-Harith ibn Surayj, a dissident in Khurasan. He was execut ...

(executed in 746) in that they regarded their faith as a middle position between

and Jabriyya. On the other hand, the Mu'tazilah considered Ash'ariyah as ''Jabriyya'' because, in their opinion, they rejected the orthodox doctrine of free will, despite the Asharis rejecting this claim. The Shiites used the term ''Jabriyya'' to describe Ash'ariyah and

Hanbali The Hanbali school or Hanbalism is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence, belonging to the Ahl al-Hadith tradition within Sunni Islam. It is named after and based on the teachings of the 9th-century scholar, jurist and tradit ...

. Abd al-Aziz al-Tarifi viewed the labelling of a Sunni as Jabriyya is characteristic of Qadariyya thoughts. Al-Shahrastani has written that the religious-political movement of

Murji'ah Murji'ah (, English: "Those Who Postpone"), also known as Murji'as or Murji'ites (singular Murji'), were an early Islamic sect. The Murji'ah school of theology prioritized the importance of one's professed faith over the acts, deeds, or rituals th ...

has adopted four models in their theology, where the 2 of them was influenced by Jabriyya denomination: #

Kharijites The Kharijites (, singular ) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challeng ...

# Jabriyya #

References

category:Islamic philosophical schools {{islamic-philo-stub

Etymology

History

See also

References