Ite, missa est

''Ite, missa est'' ( English: ''"Go, it is the dismissal"'') are the concluding Latin words addressed to the people in the Mass of the Roman Rite in the Catholic Church, as well as in the Divine Service of the Lutheran Church. Until the reforms of 1962, at Masses without the Gloria, '' Benedicamus Domino'' was said instead.

The response of the people (or, in the Tridentine Mass, of the servers at Low Mass, the choir at Solemn Mass) to either of the above is '' Deo gratias'' ("thanks be to God").

Meaning

In the 19th century, it was common to explain the phrase elliptically, with '' missa'' the feminine participle of ''mittere'', as in ''Ite, missa est ongregatio' "Go, it iz., the assemblyis dismissed".
However, according to Fortescue (1910), the word ''missa'' as used in this phrase is not the feminine participle (Classical Latin ''missa''), but rather a Late Latin form of what would be '' missio'' in classical Latin, meaning "dismissal", for a translation of "Go, the dismissal is made".

Chupungco (1999) noted that "some persons have attempted" to "sublimate" the straightforward meaning of the phrase into an interpretation of ''missio'' "dismissal" as " mission" (as in, "go and be a missionary"), but judges this interpretation as "without foundation".

The connection between the meaning "dismissal" and the 'deeper' meaning of "mission" was also discussed by Benedict XVI (without making an etymological claim) in '' Sacramentum caritatis'' (2007): "In antiquity, ''missa'' simply meant 'dismissal'. In Christian usage, however, it gradually took on a deeper meaning. The word 'dismissal' has come to imply a 'mission'. These few words succinctly express the missionary nature of the Church".

Historically, there have been other explanations of the noun ''missa'', i. e. as not derived from the formula ''ite, missa est''. Medieval authors took the phrase to contain the noun ''missa'' "mass". Thus Guillaume Durand (13th century) suggests that the meaning is either elliptic ''missa est inita' "the mass is finished", or that ''est'' should be taken absolutely, as meaning "the mass exists, is now accomplished fact". But, in fact, the ecclesiastical Latin noun ''missa'' "mass" is itself derived from the ''missa'' in this liturgical formula.

Also, Du Cange (1678) reports "various opinions on the origin" of the noun ''missa'' "mass". Fortescue (1910) cites more "fanciful" etymological explanations, notably a latinization of Hebrew '' matsâh'' (מַצָּה) "unleavened bread; oblation", a derivation favoured in the 16th century by Reuchlin and Luther.

Overlooked are two forms of dismissal of the Aquileian Rite, one used for Major Double Feasts and another for Major Solemnities of the Blessed Virgin Mary, respectively, "Ite benedicti et electi in viam pacis: pro vobis Deo Patri hostia missa est" and "Ite benedicti et electi in viam pacis: pro vobis Mariae Filius hostia missa est" as recorded in Migne's ''Patrologia Latina'' 99 which presents a Mass for the feast of St. Paulinus II of Aquileia excerpted from the Aquileian Missal of 1519. Noteworthy is the fact ''missa est'' is used as a past perfect verb in the passive voice with ''hostia'' as its subject. Thus, the Host or sacrificial victim has been sent. In the former case, "the sacrificial victim has been sent to God the Father," in the latter "the sacrificial victim" is defined as "the son of Mary." At other times, the Aquileian Rite used the Roman dismissal.

History and liturgical use

It is one of the oldest formulae of the Roman Rite, recorded in ''Ordo I'' (6th or 7th century). but if the noun ''missa'' "mass" is to be taken as a derivation from this formula, it must predate the 6th century and may date to as early as the 3rd, ''missa'' being a re-adoption into written Latin of the spoken Late Latin for ''missio''.

After the twelfth century, accretions began to be added to the Mass after the "Ite, missa est", changing it from a dismissal to a mere formula without relation to actuality. But only in the sixteenth century, with the establishment of the Tridentine Mass (Missal of Pope Pius V), were these accretions officially accepted as part of the Mass.

In this revision of the Roman Missal, the ”Ite, missa est” was followed by a silent private prayer by the priest, then by the blessing, and finally by the reading of what was called the Last Gospel (usually , but since, until the reform of Pope Pius X, saints' feasts came to supplant most Sunday Masses, the Last Gospel on such Sundays was that of the Sunday Mass).

With the reform of Pope Paul VI "Ite, missa est" returned to its function as a dismissal formula. It is omitted if another liturgical function follows immediately and the people are not to leave (e.g., Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament).

"Ite missa est", not being variable like the Scripture readings and the Collect, is part of the Order of Mass and has always been printed in that part of the Roman Missal. Being sung by an individual (ideally the deacon), not by a choir, it cannot be part of a polyphonic musical setting of the Mass. Only the "Deo gratias" response could be set polyphonically but again, because of its brevity, it rarely was, except in some early settings such as Machaut's '' Messe de Nostre Dame''.

From the Easter Vigil until the Second Sunday of Easter, and on Pentecost Sunday, "alleluia, alleluia" is appended to both the dismissal and its response.

Alternative formulas

Patristic Era

* Apostolic Constitutions: "Go in peace."

Modern Roman Rite

In 2008 alternative dismissal formulas were approved for Mass of the Roman Rite:
* "Ite in pace" (Go in peace)
* "Ite ad Evangelium Domini nuntiandum" (Go and announce the Gospel of the Lord)
* "Ite in pace, glorificando vita vestra Dominum" (Go in peace, glorifying the Lord by your life)
* Go forth, the Mass is ended
In each case the response called for by the Roman Missal continues to be "Deo gratias" (Thanks be to God).

Non-Roman Latin rites

The dismissal formulas in other Latin liturgical rites are:
*Ambrosian Rite: "Procedamus cum pace" (Let us go forth in peace). Response: "In nomine Christi" (In the name of Christ).
* Mozarabic Rite: "Solemnia completa sunt in nomine D. N. I. C: votum nostrum sit acceptum cum pace" (The celebration is completed in the name of Our Lord Jesus Christ; may our prayer be accepted with peace). Response: "Deo gratias" (Thanks be to God).
* Aquileian Rite: "Ite benedicti et electi in viam pacis: pro vobis Deo Patri hostia missa est." (Go blessed and elect in the way of peace: for you the sacrificial victim has been sent to God the Father.)
* Aquileian Rite: "Ite benedicti et electi in viam pacis: pro vobis Mariae Filius hostia missa est." (Go blessed and elect in the way of peace: for you the sacrificial victim, the Son of Mary, has been sent.)

Eastern Rites

*Antiochene, Alexandrian and Byzantine liturgies: "Let us go forth in peace" (said by the deacon). Response: "In the name of the Lord." Then the priest says a short "prayer of dismissal".

Other languages (Roman Rite)

* Latvian: "" (May the grace of God accompany you)
* Polish: "" (Go in the peace of Christ)
* Slovak:
**"" (Go in peace)
**"" (Go and announce the Gospel of the Lord)
**"" (Go in peace and announce the Lord through your life)

See also

* List of Latin phrases

References

External links

* Fortescue, A. (1910)
Ite Missa Est
''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', New York: Robert Appleton Company.
See ''Ite Missa Est'' in the 1962 ''Missale Romanum'' with MP3 Audio

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Order of Mass
Latin religious words and phrases