seismology Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (''seismós'') meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (''-logía'') meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other ...

, an isoseismal map is used to show lines of equally felt seismic intensity, generally measured on the Modified Mercalli scale. Such maps help to identify

earthquake An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from ...

epicenter The epicenter, epicentre () or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates. Surface damage Before the instrumental pe ...

s, particularly where no

instrumental An instrumental is a recording normally without any vocals, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a big band setting. Through semantic widening, a broader sense of the word song may refer to instr ...

records exist, such as for historical earthquakes. They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying

geology Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Ea ...

, radiation pattern of the

seismic wave A seismic wave is a wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth. It can result from an earthquake, volcanic eruption, magma movement, a large landslide, and a large man-made explosion that produces low-frequency acoustic energy. ...

s, and the response of different types of buildings. They form an important part of the macroseismic approach, i.e. that part of seismology dealing with noninstrumental data. The shape and size of the isoseismal regions can be used to help determine the magnitude, focal depth, and

focal mechanism The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a fault-related event it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped and the slip vector and ...

of an earthquake.

History

The first known isoseismal map was produced for the 1810 earthquake in Mór in

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croa ...

, and published by Kitaibel and Tomtsányi in 1814. The first, six-level intensity scale was proposed by Egen in 1828 for an earthquake in

Rhineland The Rhineland (german: Rheinland; french: Rhénanie; nl, Rijnland; ksh, Rhingland; Latinised name: ''Rhenania'') is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section. Term Historically, the Rhineland ...

. Robert Mallet coined the term "isoseismal" and produced a map for the 1857 Basilicata earthquake with a three-fold intensity scale and used this and other information to identify the epicentral area (a term he also coined). Later studies made use of similar techniques, the main changes being to the actual seismic intensity scale employed.

Methodology

Firstly, observations of the felt intensity need to be obtained for all areas affected by the tremor. In the case of recent earthquakes, news reports are augmented by sending out questionnaires or by collecting information online about the intensity of the shaking. For a historical earthquake, the procedure is much the same, except that it requires searching through contemporary accounts in newspapers, letters, diaries, etc. Once the information has been assembled and intensities assigned at the location of the individual observations, these are plotted on a map. Isoseismal lines are then drawn to link together areas of equal shaking. Because of local variations in the ground conditions, isoseismals generally separate zones of broadly similar felt intensity, while containing areas of both higher and lower degrees of shaking.How to map an earthquake, by Roger Musson, BGS
/ref> To make the isoseismals less subjective, attempts have been made to use computer-based methods of contouring such as

kriging In statistics, originally in geostatistics, kriging or Kriging, also known as Gaussian process regression, is a method of interpolation based on Gaussian process governed by prior covariances. Under suitable assumptions of the prior, kriging g ...

, rather than relying on visual

interpolation In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, interpolation is a type of estimation, a method of constructing (finding) new data points based on the range of a discrete set of known data points. In engineering and science, one often has ...

.Linkimer, L. 2008. Application of the kriging method to draw isoseismal maps of the significant 2002–2003 Costa Rican earthquakes. Revista Geológica de América Central, 38, 119–134.

Use

Locating the epicenter

In most earthquakes, the isoseismals define a single clear area of maximum intensity, which is known as the epicentral or meizoseismal area. In some earthquakes, more than one maximum exists because of the effect of ground conditions or complexities in the rupture propagation, and other information is, therefore, required to identify the area that contains the epicenter.

Measuring the magnitude

The magnitude of an earthquake can be estimated by measuring the area affected by intensity level III or above in km² and taking the logarithm. A more accurate estimate relies on the development of regional calibration functions derived using many isoseismal radii. Such approaches allow magnitudes to be estimated for historical earthquakes.

Estimating the focal depth

The depth to the hypocenter can be estimated by comparing the sizes of different isoseismal areas. In shallow earthquakes, the lines are close together, while in deep events the lines are spread further apart.

Confirming the focal mechanism

Focal mechanisms are routinely calculated using teleseismic data, but an ambiguity remains as two potential fault planes always are possible. The shape of the areas of highest intensity are generally elongated along the direction of the active fault plane.

Testing seismic hazard assessments

Because of the relatively long history of macroseismic intensity observations (sometimes stretching back many centuries in some regions), isoseismal maps can be used to test seismic hazard assessments by comparing the expected temporal frequency of different levels of intensity, assuming an assessment is true and the observed rate of exceedance.

References

{{Authority control Seismology