Isaac Ray (January 16, 1807 – March 31, 1881) was an American

psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry. Psychiatrists are physicians who evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness, a combination of physical and mental ailments or strictly ...

, one of the founders of the discipline of forensic psychiatry. In 1838, he published ''A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity,'' which served as an authoritative text for many years.

Biography

A native of

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, and a graduate of

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(class of 1822), Ray received his medical degree in 1827 from the Medical College of Maine (

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) and attempted to establish a general practice in

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. When this venture failed, he moved to the coastal village of Eastport, where he practiced, taught, and wrote his ''Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity'', published in 1838. He was appointed superintendent of the State Hospital for the Insane in Augusta in 1841. In 1845 he moved to

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, to supervise the building of the private Butler Hospital and became its first superintendent. Before Butler Hospital received patients in 1847, Ray toured the asylums of Europe, reporting his findings in the '' American Journal of Insanity''. One of the founding members of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, he served as President from 1855 to 1859. Between 1828 and 1880, except for one year, he published at least one article every year, mainly dealing with insanity and its legal implications. Ray also published several important monographs, including ''Mental Hygiene'' (Boston, 1863) and ''Contributions to Mental Pathology'' (Boston, 1873). In 1867, he moved to an active retirement in

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. In his retirement, he lived in the neighborhood of

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until his death, and was sent for burial in

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Impact and legacy

The ''Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity'' was very influential and was deployed effectively by defense lawyer Sir Alexander Cockburn in the English

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of Daniel M'Naghten in 1843. At the trial, Cockburn quoted extensively from the book which rejected traditional views of the

insanity defense The insanity defense, also known as the mental disorder defense, is an affirmative Defense (legal), defense by excuse in a criminal case, arguing that the defendant is not responsible for their actions due to a mental illness, psychiatric disease ...

based on the defendant's ability to distinguish "right from wrong" in favor of a broader approach based on causation. In 1868, the Superintendents’ Association adopted his "Project of a Law," which recommended statutory enactment to secure the rights of the mentally ill and define the civil and criminal relationships of the insane. In honor of him, the Isaac Ray Award was established in 1951. It is an annual award that recognizes a person who has made outstanding contributions to forensic psychiatry or psychiatric jurisprudence. Presented each year at the

American Psychiatric Association The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. It has more than 39,200 members who are in ...

(APA) annual meeting, it is a joint award of the

, and the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Consisting of a prize of 1,500

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and a plaque, the first winner of the award was Winfred Overholser.

References

Notes

Bibliography

* *Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (1876) , Philadelphia * * * * *Adapted from

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text at {{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Isaac 1807 births 1881 deaths People from Beverly, Massachusetts American psychiatrists Bowdoin College alumni Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association American hospital administrators Forensic psychologists