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Ippolito (I) d'Este (; 20 March 1479 – 3 September 1520) was an Italian Roman Catholic
cardinal Cardinal or The Cardinal most commonly refers to * Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **''Cardinalis'', genus of three species in the family Cardinalidae ***Northern cardinal, ''Cardinalis cardinalis'', the common cardinal of ...
, and
Archbishop of Esztergom In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdioc ...
. He was a member of the ducal
House of Este The House of Este ( , , ) is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries. The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as the House of Welf, included dukes of Bavaria ...
of Ferrara, and was usually referred to as the Cardinal of Ferrara. Though a bishop of five separate dioceses, he was never consecrated a bishop. He spent much of his time supporting the ducal house of Ferrara and negotiating on their behalf with the Pope.


Biography

Born in
Ferrara Ferrara (; ; ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main ...
, Ippolito was the son of Duke
Ercole I d'Este Ercole I d'Este (English: ''Hercules I''; 26 October 1431 – 25 January 1505) was Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505. He was a member of the House of Este. He was nicknamed ''North Wind'' and ''The Diamond''. Biography Ercole was born in 143 ...
, Duke of Ferrara, and Eleanor of Naples, daughter of
Ferdinand I of Naples Ferdinand I (2 June 1424 – 25 January 1494), also known as Ferrante, was king of Naples from 1458 to 1494. The only son, albeit illegitimate, of Alfonso the Magnanimous, he was one of the most influential and feared monarchs in Europe at the ...
. His eldest brother, Alfonso became duke in 1505, and married Lucrezia Borgia. He had another brother, Ferdinando, a brother Sigismondo, and two sisters, Beatrice (who married Ludovico Sforza) and Isabella (who married Duke Francesco of Mantua). He also had a half-brother, Giulio, and a half-sister, Lucrezia.


Youth

From infancy Ippolito was destined for a career in the Church, and at the age of three he was named Abbot Commendatory of Casalnovo. In December 1485, at the age of six, he received his first tonsure, and was named Abbot Commendatory of S. Maria di Pomposa (Ferrara). Two years later, on 27 May 1487, thanks to his aunt Beatrice of Aragon, who had married King
Matthias Corvinus Matthias Corvinus (; ; ; ; ; ) was King of Hungary and King of Croatia, Croatia from 1458 to 1490, as Matthias I. He is often given the epithet "the Just". After conducting several military campaigns, he was elected King of Bohemia in 1469 and ...
of
Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...
, he was named
archbishop of Esztergom In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdioc ...
in
Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...
. The appointment by
Pope Innocent VIII Pope Innocent VIII (; ; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death, in July 1492. Son of the viceroy of Naples, Cybo spent his ea ...
did not take effect, however, until he was eighteen. Ippolito nonetheless departed Ferrara for Hungary on 18 June 1487, accompanied by his cousin, Bishop Nicolò Maria d'Este of Adria; the departure was noted by Marino Sanuto in his ''Diarii'', who traces his journey through Rovigo and Padua. Ippolito joined King Matthias and Queen Beatrice, his mother's sister, in Hungary.


Archbishop-elect of Esztergom

For the next seven years, as Administrator of Esztergom, Ippolito studied at the Hungarian court, and at his own princely court in
Esztergom Esztergom (; ; or ; , known by Names of European cities in different languages: E–H#E, alternative names) is a city with county rights in northern Hungary, northwest of the capital Budapest. It lies in Komárom-Esztergom County, on the righ ...
, which was made up of some 245 persons. He had brought with him volumes of Virgil's Aeneid and Plautus' comedies, and an Italian preceptor, Sebastiano da Lugo. He enjoyed the Episcopal Palace in Esztergom, but also had houses in
Buda Buda (, ) is the part of Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies on the western bank of the Danube. Historically, “Buda” referred only to the royal walled city on Castle Hill (), which was constructed by Béla IV between 1247 and ...
, Pressburg, and
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
; he had houses built for himself at Érsekújvár and Aranyosmarót. He brought a French tailor with him from Ferrara. After Matthias' death (6 April 1490), the atmosphere surrounding the Prince-Archbishop changed. He was no longer the nephew of the King, but was more and more looked on as a foreigner who enjoyed the fruits of his Hungarian archbishopric. His aunt married her late husband's competitor and successor, Vladislaus Jagiellon,
King of Bohemia The Duchy of Bohemia was established in 870 and raised to the Kingdom of Bohemia in Golden Bull of Sicily, 1198. Several Bohemian monarchs ruled as non-hereditary kings and first gained the title in 1085. From 1004 to 1806, Bohemia was part of th ...
, who brought different policies and different personnel into the kingdom. Three years later Ippolito returned to Italy to escape the plague that was striking Hungary; he arrived in
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
with a following of 250 people.


Cardinal d'Este

D'Este was created cardinal by Pope
Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI (, , ; born Roderic Llançol i de Borja; epithet: ''Valentinus'' ("The Kingdom of Valencia, Valencian"); – 18 August 1503) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death ...
on 20 September 1493, and named Cardinal-Deacon of S. Lucia in Silice three days later, after which he resided in Rome. He was only fourteen years old. He was appointed archbishop of Milan on 8 November 1497, though he could only serve as Administrator, since he had not been consecrated a bishop. He governed the archdiocese of Milan through a vicar. According to the tax reports of the
Curia Curia (: curiae) in ancient Rome referred to one of the original groupings of the citizenry, eventually numbering 30, and later every Roman citizen was presumed to belong to one. While they originally probably had wider powers, they came to meet ...
for the year 1500, he was the fifth richest member of the College of Cardinals, in terms of annual income. His influence grew further when his brother
Alfonso Alphons (Latinized ''Alphonsus'', ''Adelphonsus'', or ''Adefonsus'') is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. 739–757) in the Christian successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. I ...
married
Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia (18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519) was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. She was a former governor of Spoleto. Her family arranged ...
, daughter of Alexander VI, who granted him the title of ''archipresbyter'' of St. Peter's on 11 August 1501. The bride and bridegroom were escorted from Ferrara to Rome by a large company, headed by Cardinal Ippolito, which left the city on 9 December, and arrived in Rome on 23 December. Cardinal Ippolito was granted a palazzo for his use next to the Vatican Basilica. On 20 July 1502 Pope Alexander appointed Cardinal Ippolito Archbishop of Capua, though, since he still had not been consecrated a bishop, he could only be Administrator, enjoying the income from the diocese and the patronage that went with being the Archbishop, but unable to carry out any episcopal functions. But since Capua had been besieged and sacked by a French army under Cesare Borgia in 1501, there cannot have been much of an immediate gain in income. It was not a safe time to be a cardinal. In April 1502, King Louis XII sent a French army, under the command of Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, to invade Apulia. In his service was Cesare Borgia, Duke of the Romagna and Lord of Piombino, the Pope's son, who had commanded French troops in 1501 at the siege of Naples and the siege of Capua. Many rulers in Italy preferred to deal with the French rather than the Spanish, who had been favored for a decade. On 21 June 1502 Pope Alexander took the extraordinary step of sending a cardinal and one of his secretaries to Savona to attempt to kidnap and bring to Rome Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, a consistent supporter of the French cause. The trick failed. On 12 July Cardinal Orsini sought an audience with Pope Alexander to get permission to go to Milan to negotiate with King
Louis XII Louis XII (27 June 14621 January 1515), also known as Louis of Orléans was King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples (as Louis III) from 1501 to 1504. The son of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Marie of Cleves, he succeeded his second ...
. When he was refused the audience, he left Rome anyway and headed for Milan. When he came back to Rome, Orsini was arrested and sent to the Castel S. Angelo, where he died on 22 February 1503. Cardinal d'Este remained in Rome, though his relations with Pope Alexander were said in the first week of November 1502 to have deteriorated due to Duke Ercole's failure to send aid to the Pope. It was reported to Venice on 24 November that the Cardinal's ''maestro di casa'' and three other persons had come from Rome in disguise; one was said to have been the Cardinal, because he was in disaccord with the Pope. On 15 February 1503, after he had participated in the day's papal Consistory, Ippolito was compelled to flee from the wrath of Cesare Borgia, with whose sister-in-law both Este and Borgia were engaged in illicit affairs. Fortunately, Alexander VI died on 18 August. Cardinal Ippolito was not able to return to Rome until 28 October, and then with a broken leg from a fall from his horse, because of which he had been absent from the Conclave of 16–22 September 1503. While Cardinal Ippolito was recuperating, one of his old friends was engaged in an operation against his interests. Cardinal
Tamás Bakócz Tamás Bakócz OP (, Erdőd, Esztergom) was a Hungarian archbishop, cardinal and statesman. He was a serious candidate in the 1513 papal conclave. Life Born in Szatmár County, Bakócz was the son of a wagoner and was adopted by his uncle, wh ...
, Archbishop of Esztergom and Chancellor of Hungary (on account of which he did not attend the conclaves), wrote a letter to the Signoria of Venice, which Marino Sanuto saw on 23 November 1503. In his letter, which was purely concerned with benefices, he wanted the Signoria to get Cardinal d'Este to resign the Bishopric of Eger. The Doge replied that they had already tried to do so, and that he did not want to acquiesce. Bakócz certainly had a point in canon law, in that Cardinal Ippolito had been bishop for nearly sixteen years and was not yet consecrated, and yet there seems to be a case of ingratitude, since Bakócz, who had been educated at
Bologna Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...
and Ferrara, had once been Cardinal d'Este's private secretary.


Julius II

After Alexander's death, on 8 October 1503 Pius III appointed Cardinal Ippolito bishop of Ferrara. When Pius III died on 18 October, d'Este was able to participate in the second Conclave of 1503, at which Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere was elected
Pope Julius II Pope Julius II (; ; born Giuliano della Rovere; 5 December 144321 February 1513) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death, in February 1513. Nicknamed the Warrior Pope, the Battle Pope or the Fearsome ...
on 1 November. One of Cardinal Ippolito's conclavists was his half-brother Giulio d'Este. Julius' pro-French policies ought to have made life easier for Ferrara, but his determination to humble the power of Milan and Venice placed Ferrara in the exact center of what would become a major war. The Cardinal of Ferrara, therefore, endured a rough and dangerous relationship with Pope Julius. After the Conclave and the Coronation (26 November), Cardinal Ippolito was reported to be ill and did not attend the papal ceremonies of taking possession of his cathedral church of Saint John Lateran on 5 December 1503. He returned to Ferrara on 10 December 1503, and he was still in Ferrara when he was present at his father's deathbed on 15 June 1505. In 1506 a plot was discovered in Ferrara against the new duke,
Alfonso Alphons (Latinized ''Alphonsus'', ''Adelphonsus'', or ''Adefonsus'') is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. 739–757) in the Christian successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. I ...
, and his brother Cardinal Ippolito. The leaders, their brother Ferrante and their half-brother Giulio, were tried in September and sentenced to death. The sentence, however, was commuted to life imprisonment. Ferrante died in prison thirty-four years later, and Giulio was finally released after fifty-three years. In 1507 Cardinal d'Este was named Bishop of Modena, but, still unconsecrated, he could only act as Administrator. Ippolito, however, was again at odds with Pius' successor Julius II (della Rovere), and in 1507 he left the Curia. On 24 May he was in Milan and took part in the formal reception of King Louis XII of France, along with Cardinals Georges d'Amboise, Clermont de Castelnau, Pallavicini, Caretto, San Severino, and Trivulzio. As Archbishop of Milan, he was only doing his duty, and Pope Julius had to suppress his annoyance. In September 1507, Duke Alfonso of Ferrara happened to be in Rome on his way to Naples, and, according to a report of 22 September, the Pope had named Cardinal Ippolito to the post of Apostolic Legate in Bologna. But in the following year Julius praised him for his conduct in the Bentivoglio plot. In June 1509 Cardinal d'Este joined the King of France in his camp near Brescia. The King had sent the Duke of Ferrara a demand for 100,000 ducats for his campaign. The Cardinal successfully led a military contingent to regain the Polesine territories that the Este had lost in the war with
Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...
in 1484, winning the decisive battle of Polesella. On 27 July the pope recalled him to Rome, but, feeling his life was unsafe, trapped as he was between King and Pope, Ippolito fled to Hungary. In May 1510, upon the death of Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini, the office of Abbot Commendatory of the Abbazia di Nonantola (diocese of Modena) became vacant. Cardinal Ippolito immediately rushed to the monastery and browbeat the six electors into electing him to the position. Pope Julius objected, and Cardinal Ippolito had to send his secretary,
Ludovico Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto (, ; ; 8 September 1474 – 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic '' Orlando Furioso'' (1516). The poem, a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's ''Orlando Innamorato'', describ ...
, to Rome to explain the circumstances to the Pope. The cardinal held the abbey until his death. On 16 May 1511, the summons of the Pope to appear at the schismatic
Council of Pisa The Council of Pisa (; , also nicknamed the , "secret meeting", by those who considered it illegitimate) was a controversial council held in 1409. It attempted to end the Western Schism by deposing both Benedict XIII (Avignon) and Gregory XII ...
was signed by four cardinals, led by Bernardino Carvajal, Bishop of Sabina; they claimed to have the mandates of five other cardinals, including Cardinal d'Este, but several of them denied that they were involved and protested vehemently at the misuse of their names. D'Este's brother Alfonso later convinced him to disassociate himself from the schism, and Pope Julius authorized him to return to Ferrara.


Leo X

In 1513 Ippolito moved again to Hungary but, when in his absence Cardinal Giovanni de'
Medici The House of Medici ( , ; ) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first consolidated power in the Republic of Florence under Cosimo de' Medici and his grandson Lorenzo "the Magnificent" during the first half of the 15th ...
was elected pope, taking the name Leo X, the Cardinal returned again to his native city. On 22 April 1514 he and his family were pardoned for all their past anti-papal acts. From October 1517 to the Spring of 1520, Cardinal d'Este visited Hungary, Poland and Germany. On 7 April 1518, the Cardinal left Eger to go to Cracow for the marriage of King Sigismund and Bona, the daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, who also happened to be a niece of the Emperor Maximilian. He was accompanied by the two Provosts and the entire body of Canons of the Cathedral of Eger. They stayed an entire month. In the winter and spring of 1519 he became involved in a struggle over the office of Count Palatine of Hungary, on the death of Emeric Perényi. Cardinal d'Este favored the candidacy of the
Count Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
of Temes, while Cardinal Bakócz favored that of
John Zápolya John Zápolya or Szapolyai (; ; ; ; 1487 – 22 July 1540), was King of Hungary (as John I) from 1526 to 1540. His rule was disputed by Archduke Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand I, who also claimed the title King of Hungary. He wa ...
, the
Voivode of Transylvania The Voivode of Transylvania (;Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77. ;Zsoldos 2011, p. 36. ; ) was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century to the 16th century. Appointed by the King of Hun ...
. The party favored by d'Este prevailed. On 12 January 1519 the Emperor Maximilian I died. Competition to be his successor developed between King
Francis I of France Francis I (; ; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once removed and father-in-law Louis&nbs ...
,
Frederick III, Elector of Saxony Frederick III (17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as Frederick the Wise (German: ''Friedrich der Weise''), was Prince-elector of Electorate of Saxony, Saxony from 1486 to 1525, who is mostly remembered for the protection given to his su ...
, Duke Charles of Burgundy, and King
Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his Wives of Henry VIII, six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. ...
of England. Agents of each of the candidates descended upon Buda, to speak with Vladislaus, who was one of the Electors as King of Bohemia. Cardinal d'Este was consulted by all parties, and he also sent his representative, Celio Calcagnini, to the meeting of the Diet at Frankfurt. On 28 June 1519 Charles Duke of Burgundy became the Emperor Charles V. On 20 May 1519 he resigned the archbishopric of Milan, and his nephew Ippolito II d'Este, the son of
Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia (18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519) was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. She was a former governor of Spoleto. Her family arranged ...
, Duchess of Ferrara, was appointed his successor in Consistory by Pope Leo X. He returned home to Ferrara on Monday of Holy Week, 2 April 1520, entered the city on Holy Saturday, and celebrated the Easter festival in his cathedral. On Friday 10 August the Cardinal took a long walk of some five miles (eight km) to a property of his at Baura, east of Ferrara. On Sunday he took a walk to his property at Sabioncello, a distance of twelve miles, but he felt troubled the whole day; he was advised to return to Ferrara and avoid the heat. The Duke made the Castel Nuovo on the Po available to Ippolito, where he remained ill until Friday, 31 August, when he got out of bed in the morning, feeling in much better spirits. He travelled to Piscalo (Pescara) for the sake of the fish, since he did not wish to eat meat, presumably due to the Friday fast. He asked for grilled fish and some Vernaccia, which his doctor permitted and which made him feel better. But in the evening his discomfort returned and he began to run a fever. On Saturday, 1 September, he was so much worse that the Duke summoned all his doctors, who indeed found the Cardinal much worse, and agreed to administer a dose of medicine at the seventh hour, if the fever had not gone down. But at that time it was impossible to administer medicine because Ippolito was already ''in extremis''. Cardinal d'Este was reported to be ill by the Ferrarese Ambassador in Venice, Jacomo Tebaldo, who said he had had a letter of 2 September 1520 which stated that the Cardinal was seriously ill and in danger of death. He died in Ferrara on 3 September 1520, and was buried in the Sacristy of the
Cathedral A cathedral is a church (building), church that contains the of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, Annual conferences within Methodism, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually s ...
of Ferrara on the evening of his death. His estate, inherited by his brother Alfonso I, amounted to some 200,000 ''ducati''. In Rome, on 5 September, Pope Leo X was trying to divide up the late Cardinal's benefices, in the midst of three attacks of tertian fever. He made the announcement of the various distributions in the Consistory of 10 September. Ippolito had two illegitimate children. The Cardinal was a famous patron of the arts, as were other members of his family. Among his protegés were the poet
Ludovico Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto (, ; ; 8 September 1474 – 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic '' Orlando Furioso'' (1516). The poem, a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's ''Orlando Innamorato'', describ ...
and architect
Biagio Rossetti Biagio Rossetti ( 1447 – 1516) was an Italian architect and urbanist from Ferrara. A military engineer since 1483, and the ducal architect of Ercole I d'Este, in 1492 Rossetti was assigned Addizione Erculea, the project of enlarging the city of ...
. He also patronized the Flemish musician Adrien Willaert.Lewis Lockwood
"Adrian Willaert and Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este: New Light on Willaert's Early Career in Italy," ''Early Music History'', Vol. 5 (1985), pp. 85-112; retrieved: 2017-08-22. (JSTOR, subscription required)


See also

* Giulio d'Este * Angela Borgia * Alfonso I d'Este *
Castello Estense The ' ('House of Este, Este castle') or ' ('St. Michael's castle') is a moated medieval castle in the center of Ferrara, northern Italy. It consists of a large block with four corner towers. History On 3 May 1385, the Ferrarese people, driven ...


References and notes


Bibliography

* Banfi, F. (1938). "Il cardinale Ippolito d'Este nella vita politica d'Ungheria," in: ''L'Europa orientale'', XVIII (1938), pp. 61–77. * Byatt, Lucy (1993)
"ESTE, Ippolito d'"
''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' Volume 43 (1993) * * Gerevich, Tiberio (1921)
"Ippolito d'Este, Arcivescovo di Strigonio,"
''Corvina'' Vol. 1 (1921), pp. 48–52. * * * Kun Enikő: Estei Hippolit, Magyarország legfiatalabb érseke, National Geographic Magazine, 2008. február 7. * Kovács Péter: Estei Hippolit püspök egri számadáskönyvei, 1500–1508, kandidátusi/PHD disszertáció, a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Történettudományi Intézete, 1992. letéve a Heves Megyei Levéltárban. * Marcora, C. (1958), "Il cardinale Ippolito I d'Este," in ''Memorie Storiche della diocesi di Milano'' V, Milano 1958, pp. 325–520. *


External links


1506 – Diario Borja – Borgia
{{DEFAULTSORT:Este, Ippolito 1 1479 births 1520 deaths Ippolito 1 16th-century Italian cardinals Cardinals created by Pope Alexander VI Bishops of Ferrara Archbishops of Milan Archbishops of Esztergom Italian expatriates in Hungary 15th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops 16th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops 15th-century Italian nobility 16th-century Italian nobility Bishops of Eger 15th-century Italian cardinals Sons of dukes