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Ignacio Martín-Baró (November 7, 1942 – November 16, 1989) was a
scholar A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a termina ...
, social psychologist,
philosopher Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...
and
Jesuit The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deity, deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in parti ...
who was born in
Valladolid Valladolid ( ; ) is a Municipalities of Spain, municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and ''de facto'' capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the pr ...
, Castilla y Leon,
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
and died in
San Salvador San Salvador () is the Capital city, capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its San Salvador Department, eponymous department. It is the country's largest agglomeration, serving as the country's political, cultural, educational and fin ...
,
El Salvador El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is S ...
. He was one of the victims of the
1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador During the Salvadoran Civil War, on 16 November 1989, Salvadoran Army soldiers killed six Jesuits and two women, the caretaker's wife and daughter, at their residence on the campus of Central American University (known as UCA El Salvador) in ...
.


Academic career

Martín-Baró entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Orduña,
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
, on September 28, 1959. Shortly after, he was transferred to the novitiate of Villagarcía and then sent to
Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...
, where he completed his second year in the novitiate of the Society of Jesus. At the end of September 1961, he began his studies in classical
humanities Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including Philosophy, certain fundamental questions asked by humans. During the Renaissance, the term "humanities" referred to the study of classical literature a ...
at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador in
Quito Quito (; ), officially San Francisco de Quito, is the capital city, capital and second-largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its metropolitan area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha Province, P ...
. On graduating, he travelled to
Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish Imperial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city, capital and largest city ...
, where he studied philosophy at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, run by the Jesuits. In 1964 he received his
bachelor's degree A bachelor's degree (from Medieval Latin ''baccalaureus'') or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin ''baccalaureatus'') is an undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years ...
in
philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...
and in 1965 his licentiate (licenciatura) in philosophy and
literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, Play (theatre), plays, and poetry, poems. It includes both print and Electroni ...
. In 1966 he returned to El Salvador, where he got a job as a teacher and academic coordinator at the Externado San José. In 1967, he started teaching at the Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" (UCA). He travelled to
Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...
in 1967 to study
theology Theology is the study of religious belief from a Religion, religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an Discipline (academia), academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itse ...
. Returning to San Salvador to continue his studies, he obtained his bachelor's degree from
St John Berchmans University College, Heverlee St John Berchmans University College, locally known as Jezuietenhuis or Lerkeveld, is an educational institution run by the European Low Countries Province of the Society of Jesus in Heverlee, outside Leuven. It was built in 1958 by Jos Ritzen, wh ...
,
Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...
, in 1970. He then began studying
psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feel ...
at UCA, where he was also lecturer. In 1975 he completed his licentiate in psychology. In 1971 and 1972 he taught psychology in the National Nursing Academy in Santa Ana. Later he was dean of Students between 1972 and 1975, and a member of the University Board, at UCA. From 1971 until 1974 he was head of the
editorial board The editorial board is a group of editors, writers, and other people who are charged with implementing a publication's approach to editorials and other opinion pieces. The editorials published normally represent the views or goals of the publicat ...
of the
academic journal An academic journal (or scholarly journal or scientific journal) is a periodical publication in which Scholarly method, scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the ...
'' Estudios Centroamericanos'' (''ECA''). In 1977 he earned a
master's degree A master's degree (from Latin ) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional prac ...
in
social sciences Social science (often rendered in the plural as the social sciences) is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of society, societies and the Social relation, relationships among members within those societies. The term was former ...
from the
University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or UChi) is a Private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Its main campus is in the Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood on Chicago's South Side, Chic ...
and two years later, in 1979, a Ph.D. in social and organisational psychology from the same institution. In his master's
thesis A thesis (: theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144: D ...
, he discussed social attitudes and group conflict in El Salvador, a theme which he continued in his doctoral dissertation which focused on
population density Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ...
of the lowest
social class A social class or social stratum is a grouping of people into a set of Dominance hierarchy, hierarchical social categories, the most common being the working class and the Bourgeoisie, capitalist class. Membership of a social class can for exam ...
es in El Salvador. On completing his studies he returned to San Salvador, where he lectured in psychology at UCA. By 1981 he was Academic Vice- Rector and member of the board of directors. In 1982 he became head of the psychology department. In 1986 he founded and directed the University Institute of Public Opinion, IUDOP. In 1989, the academic vice-rector's office was split in two and Martín-Baró became director of post-graduate studies and
research Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to ...
. He was a member of the editorial board of UCA Editores and ''Estudios Centroamericanos'' (''ECA''), the Salvadoran Journal of Psychology and the
Costa Rica Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America. It borders Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, as well as Maritime bo ...
n magazine '' Polémica''. He was a visiting
professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an Academy, academic rank at university, universities and other tertiary education, post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin ...
at the
Central University of Venezuela Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...
, the Universidad del Zulia in
Maracaibo Maracaibo ( , ; ) is a city and municipality in northwestern Venezuela, on the western shore of the strait that connects Lake Maracaibo to the Gulf of Venezuela. It is the largest city in Venezuela and is List of cities in Venezuela by population ...
, the
University of Puerto Rico The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Universidad de Puerto Rico;'' often shortened to UPR) is the main List of state and territorial universities in the United States, public university system in the Commonwealth (U.S. i ...
, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in
Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish Imperial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city, capital and largest city ...
, Universidad Complutense in
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
and Universidad de Costa Rica in San José. He was a member of the
American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 170,000 members, including scientists, educators, clin ...
as well as the Salvadoran Psychological Association. He was the vice-president of the
Mesoamerican Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area that begins in the southern part of North America and extends to the Pacific coast of Central America, thus comprising the lands of central and southern Mexico, all of Belize, Guatemala, El S ...
division of the Interamerican Psychological Society. Martín-Baró published eleven books and a long list of
cultural Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...
and
scientific Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into twoor threemajor branches: the natural sciences, which stu ...
articles, in various
Latin America Latin America is the cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken, primarily Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese. Latin America is defined according to cultural identity, not geogr ...
n and
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...
n academic journals and magazines.


Ignacio Martín-Baró's social psychology

Martín Baró argued that psychology should be developed to address the historical context, the social conditions and aspirations of the people. He believed that students of psychology should learn to analyse human
behaviour Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions of Individual, individuals, organisms, systems or Artificial intelligence, artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or or ...
in the location of their practice, bearing in mind the criteria outlined for that location. In his writings and
lecture A lecture (from ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theo ...
s he rejected the idea of universal, impartial psychology, and developed a psychology that was critically committed with the projects for alternative societies that existed in Latin America. For him, the psychological situation of individuals could either be an abnormal reaction to normal circumstances, or a normal reaction to abnormal conditions. For Martín-Baró, the solution to
mental health Mental health is often mistakenly equated with the absence of mental illness. However, mental health refers to a person's overall emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It influences how individuals think, feel, and behave, and how t ...
problems in societies characterised by
oppression Oppression is malicious or unjust treatment of, or exercise of power over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority. Oppression may be overt or covert, depending on how it is practiced. No universally accepted model ...
, where " normal abnormality" prevails, is the transformation of society to transcend the historical reality of oppression. Psychologists cannot ignore the influence that difficult contexts have on mental health. Furthermore, if they do, then they become accomplices to the social injustices (or abnormalities) that may have caused these mental health problems. He integrated diverse theories, and was so convinced of the benefits to be gained by the " de-ideologising" potential of social psychology that he openly questioned the theoretical
models A model is an informative representation of an object, person, or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin , . Models can be divided int ...
of mainstream psychology. He considered the latter inadequate to address the effects of the
structural violence Structural violence is a form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs or rights. The term was coined by Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung, who intr ...
that prevailed in El Salvador.


Continuing impact

His work inspired the development of liberation psychology in Latin America and influenced
community psychology Community psychology is concerned with the community as the unit of study. This contrasts with most psychology, which focuses on the individual. Community psychology also studies the community as a context for the individuals within it,Jim Orf ...
and some strands of
social psychology Social psychology is the methodical study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field ...
. His work has also had an influence on some feminist psychology and critical health psychology Through grant-making and education, the ''Martín-Baró Fund for Mental Health and Human Rights'' fosters psychological well-being, social consciousness, active resistance, and progressive social change in communities affected by institutional violence, repression and social injustice.


Quotes by Martín-Baró

Explaining why reparations are a crucial part of the national reconciliation processes: "It is clear that no one is going to return to the imprisoned dissident his youth; to the young woman who has been raped her innocence; to the person who has been tortured his or her integrity. Nobody is going to return the dead and the disappeared to their families. What can and must be publicly restored rethe victims' names and their dignity, through a formal recognition of the injustice of what has occurred, and, wherever possible, material reparation.... Those who clamour for social reparation are not asking for vengeance. Nor are they blindly adding difficulties to a historical process that is already by no means easy. On the contrary, they are promoting the personal and social viability of a new society, truly democratic."Ignacio Martin-Baro, "Reparations: Attention Must be Paid", in ''Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes'', ed. Neil Kritz (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995), 570. (original -posthumously; Ignacio Martin-Baro, "Reperations: Attention Must be Paid" ''Commonweal'', March 23, 1990, pp. 184-186).


Quotes on Martín-Baró

"... a mind that was probing and humane, wide-ranging in interests and passionate in concerns, and dedicated with a rare combination of intelligence and heroism to the challenge his work sets forth to construct a new person in a new society."
Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a ...
,
MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of modern technology and sc ...
"... the major dimensions along which Martín-Baró's work developed: political psychology, war and trauma, and 'de-ideologizing' reality ... his contributions to social psychology as well as his intense involvement in the social reality of his adoptive country, El Salvador ... is required reading for psychologists seeking a more critical psychology—one that takes responsibility for its social position and privilege, and challenges the status quo. It is an equally important resource for those who seek ideas and examples for developing 'indigenous psychology' from the base of marginalized people's lives, in coalition with them." M. Brinton Lykes, ''World Psychology''


Complete bibliography (mostly in Spanish)

; 1966 * La muerte como problema filosófico (a). ''ECA'' 21, 212, 7–12. * Miguel A. Sholojov, Premio Nobel de Literatura (b). ''ECA'' 21, 212, 15–16. * Un extraño remedio para la homosexualidad: su legalización (c). ''ECA'' 21, 213, 54. * Pablo Antonio Cuadra, tierra y luz nicaragüense (d). ''ECA'' 21, 215, 93–95. * La forja de rebeldes (e). ''ECA'' 21, 221, 287–88. ; 1967 * La figura del año (a). ''ECA'' 22,224, 369–70. * Rubén Darío, entrevisto (b). ''ECA'' 22, 226, 444–45. * ¿Quién le teme a James Bond? (c). ''ECA'' 22, 227, 511–12. ;1968 * El pulso del tiempo; guerrilleros y hippies, blow up (a). ''ECA'' 23, 234. 25–26. * El complejo de macho o el "machismo" (b). ''ECA'' 23, 235, 38–42. Rpt. 1970, ''ECA'' 25, 267, 677–683. * Propaganda: deseducación social (c). ''ECA'' 23, 243, 367–373. ;1970 * Psicología de la caricia. ''ECA'', 25, 264, 496–498. ;1971 * Problemas actuales en psicopedagogía escolar. ''ECA'' 26, 273, 401–413. ;1972 * Una nueva pedagogía para una universidad nueva (a). ''ECA'' 27, 281–282, 129–145. * Del alcohol a la marihuana (b). ''ECA'' 27, 283, 225–242. * Peluqueros institucionales (c). ''ECA'' 27, 283, 297–301. * Munich 72: el ocaso de una mitología (d). ''ECA'' 27, 288–289, 697–701. * Presupuestos psicosociales de una caracteriología para nuestros países (e). ''ECA'' 27, 290, 763–786. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Presupuestos psico-sociales del carácter", Capítulo I, pp. 39–71. * Del futuro, la técnica y el planeta de los simios (f). ''ECA'' 27, 290, 795–799. * Hacia una docencia liberadora (g). Universidades (México), 50, 9-26. * ''Psicodiagnóstico de América Latina'' (h). San Salvador: UCA editores. * La desatención social del poder oppressor (i). En 1972 (h) pp. 121–140. Rpt. 1976, pp. 98–109. ;1973 * Algunas repercusiones psico-sociales de la densidad demográfica en El Salvador (a). ''ECA'' 28, 293–294, 123–132. Rpt. 1977(a), pp. 429–442. * Antipsiquiatría y psicoanálisis (b). ''ECA'' 28, 293–94, 203–206. * Cartas al presidente: reflexiones psicosociales sobre un caso del personalismo político en El Salvador (c). ''ECA'', 28, 296, 345–57. * Psicología del campesino salvadoreño (c). ''ECA'' 28, 297–298, 476–495. ; 1974 * ''¿Quién es pueblo?: reflexiones para una definición del concepto de pueblo'' (a). ''ECA'' 29, 303–4, 11–20. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 10, pp. 173–185. * Elementos de conscientización socio-política en los curricula de las universidades (c). ''ECA'' 29, 313–314, 765–783. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Concientización y currículos universitarios", Capítulo II, pp. 131–159. Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 138–140. * De la evasión a la invasión (b). ABRA (El Salvador), 0, 19–24. ;1975 * Culpabilidad religiosa en un barrio popular (a). Tesina de licenciatura en Psicología. UCA de El Salvador (inédito). * (b). ''ECA'' 30, 319–320, 265–282. * El estudiantado y la estructura universitaria (c). ''ECA'' 30, 324–25, 638–51. * El valor psicológico de la represión política mediante la violencia (d). ''ECA'' 30, 326, 742–752. Rpt. 1976(a), pp. 310–327. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 9, pp. 149–172. * ''Elementos de conscientización en los curricula universitarios'' (e). Guatemala: FUPAC. ;1976 * ''Problemas de psicología social en América Latina'' (compilación de textos). San Salvador: UCA editores. ;1977 * ''Psicología, ciencia y conciencia'' (compilación de textos) (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Del cociente intellectual al cociente racial (b). ''ECA'' 32, 345, 485–494. * Social Attitudes and Group Conflict in El Salvador (a). Tesina de Master en Ciencias Sociales. Universidad de Chicago (inédito). ;1978 * Vivienda mínima: obra máxima (a). ''ECA'' 33, 359, 732–33. * Ley y orden en la vida del mesón (Con M. Herrera) (b). ''ECA'' 33, 360, 803–828. ;1979 * Cien años de psicología (a). ''ECA'' 34, 368, 432–433. * Household Density and Crowding in Lower-Class Salvadorans (b). Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Chicago (inédito). * Haciendo la universidad (compilación de textos) (c). Guatemala: FUPAC. ;1980 * Monseñor: una voz para un pueblo pisoteado (a). En John Sobrino, Ignacio Martín-Baró y R. Cardenal (eds.), ''La voz de los sin voz: la palabra viva de Monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero''. San Salvador: UCA editores, pp. 13–34. Rpt. 1990, Christus, 55, 632, 28–38. * Fantasmas sobre un gobierno popular en El Salvador (b). ''ECA'' 35, 377–378, 277–290. * Ocupación juvenil: reflexiones psicosociales de un rehén por 24 horas (c). ''ECA'' 35, 379, 463–474. * Desde Cuba y sin amor (d). ''ECA'' 35, 379, 485–486. * La imagen de la mujer en El Salvador (e). ''ECA'' 35, 380, 557–568. * A la muerte de Piaget (f). ''ECA'' 35, 383, 869–871. * El psicólogo en el proceso revolucionario (g). San Salvador (inédito). * Genocidio en El Salvador (h). San Salvador (inédito). * Household density and crowding in lower-class Salvadorans (i). ''Dissertation Abstracts International'' 40, 10-B, 5077–5078. ;1981 * La guerra civil en El Salvador (a). ''ECA'' 36, 387–388, 17–32. * El liderazgo del Monseñor Romero: un análisis psicosocial (b). ''ECA'' 36, 389, 152–172. * Actitudes en El Salvador ante una solución política a la guerra civil (c). ''ECA'' 36, 390–91, 325–348. * Aspiraciones del pequeño burgués salvadoreño (e). ''ECA'' 36, 394, 773–788. * Las raíces psicosociales de la guerra en El Salvador (a). San Salvador (inédito). ;1982 * Una juventud sin liderazgo político (a). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 1, 5, 8-10 * El llamado de la extrema derecha (b). ''ECA'' 37, 403–404, 453–466. Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 293–305. * Un psicólogo social ante la guerra civil en El Salvador (a). ''Revista de la asociación latinoamericana de Psicología social'', 2, 91–111. *¿Escuela o prisión? La organización social de un centro de orientación en El Salvador (Con V. Iraheta y A. Lemus de Vides) (c). ''ECA'' 37, 401, 179–92. ;1983 * ''Acción e ideología: psicología social desde Centroamérica'' (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Los rasgos femeninos según la cultura dominante en El Salvador (b). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 2, 8, 3–7. * Polarización social en El Salvador (c). ''ECA'' 38, 412, 129–142. * Los sectores medios ante el plan Reagan: una perspectiva sombría (d). ''ECA'' 38, 415-416 517–522. * Estacazo imperial: abuso y mentira en Granada (e). ''ECA'' 39, 421–22, 1018–21. ;1984 * La necesidad de votar: actitudes del pueblo salvadoreño ante el proceso electoral de 1984 (Con V. A. Orellana) (a). ''ECA'' 39, 426–427, 253–264. * El último discurso de Alvaro Magaña (b). ''ECA'' 39, 428, 425–427. * Guerra y salud mental (c). ''ECA'' 39, 429–30, 503–514. Rpt. 1990a, pp. 71–88; 1990(c), pp. 23–40; Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 6, pp. 108–121. * El terrorismo del estado norteamericano (d). ''ECA'' 39, 433, 813–816. * La sumisión à la autoridad como valor social en El Salvador (e). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 3, 11, 19–26. * ''Psicología social'' V: ''Sistema y poder'' (f). San Salvador: UCA Editores. * Informes sobre la población de solicitantes al proyecto "Popotlán" de la FUNDASAL (Con C. King) (g). San Salvador: UCA (inédito). ;1985 * La desideologización como aporte de la psicología social al desarrollo de la democracia en Latinoamérica (a). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'' 8, 3, 3–9. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El papel desenmascarador del psicólogo", Capítulo II, pp. 177–186. * Valores del universitario salvadoreño de primer ingreso (b). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 4, 15, 5–12. * De la conciencia religiosa a la conciencia política (c). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 4, 16, 72–82. * El papel del psicólogo en el contexto centroamericano (d). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 4, 17, 99–112. Rpt. 1990(a), pp. 53–70. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El papel desenmascarador del psicólogo", Capítulo II, pp. 161–177. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 2, pp. 33–46. * La encuesta de opinión pública como instrumento desideologizador (e). Cuadernos de Psicología (Universidad del Valle, Cali) 7, 1–2, 93–108. Rpt. 1990(a), pp. 9–22; En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El papel desenmascarador del psicólogo", Capítulo II, pp. 186–199. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 11, pp. 186–197. * El trabajador social salvadoreño: situación y actitudes (f). ''ECA'' 40, 438, 229–240. * La oferta política de Duarte (g). ''ECA'' 40, 439–440. 345–356. * El hacinamiento residencial: ideologización y verdad de un problema real (h). ''Revista de Psicología social'' (México) 1, 31–50. Rpt. 1990 (b). * "Los niños desplazados en El Salvador: Problemas y tratamiento" (i). Trabajo presentado en el Taller de intercambio de experiencias sobre el rtabajo psicosocial y psicoterapéutico con los niños y la población desplazada, patrocinado por Rädda Barnen, México, Feb. 18–22. * (j). Trabajo presentado en el Vigésimo Congreso Interamericano de Psicología, Caracas. Rpt. 1992(b), pp. 317–338. * Psicología latinoamericana (k). Editorial. ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 4,21,39-41. * Iglesia y revolución en El Salvador (l). Conferencia pronunciada en la Midwest Association for Latin American Studies en la Universidad de Columbia, septiembre, 20. Publicado en 1989(n) y en A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, Capítulo III, pp. 203–225. ;1986 * La ideología familiar en El Salvador (a). ''ECA'' 41, 450, 291–304. * El pueblo salvadoreño ante el diálogo (b). ''ECA'' 41, 454–455, 755–768. * Socialización política: dos temas críticos (c). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 19, 5-20. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 4, pp. 68–83. * Hacia una psicología de la liberación (d). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 5, 22, 219–231. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, Capítulo IV, pp. 283–302. * La ideología de los sectores medios salvadoreños (e). ''Revista Mexicana de Psicología'', 3, 1, 59–65. ;1987 * ''Así piensan los salvadoreños urbanos'' (1986–1987) (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Del opio religioso a la fe libertadora (b). En M. Montero (ed.), ''Psicología política latinoamericana''. Caracas: Panapo, 1987; En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, Capítulo III, pp. 245–280. Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 347–370. * El Latino indolente: carácter ideológico del fatalismo latinoamericano (c). En M. Montero (Ed.), ''Psicología política latinoamericana''. Caracas: Panapo, 1987; A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El Latino indolente", Capítulo I, pp. 73–101. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 12, pp. 198–220. * Votar en El Salvador: psicología social del desorden político (d). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'', 10, 2, 28–36. * ¿Es machista el salvadoreño? (e). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 6, 24, 101–122. * El reto popular à la psicología social en América Latina (f). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 6, 26, 251–270. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "La liberación como horizonte de la psicología", Capítulo IV, pp. 303–321. Conferencia pronunciada en el XXI Congreso Interamericano de Psicología celebrado en La Habana. * Psicología social desde Centroamérica: Retos y perspectivas (g). Entrevista. ''Revista Costarricense de Psicología'', 5, 71–76. * Procesos psíquicos y poder (h). Manuscrito. En M. Montero (Ed.), ''Psicología de la acción política''. Barcelona: Paidós, 1995. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 3, pp. 47–67. ;1988 * From Dirty War to Psychological War: The case of El Salvador (a). En Adrianne Aron (ed.), ''Flight, Exile and Return: Mental Health and the Refugee''. San Francisco: CHRICA. Rpt. 1990(a), pp. 109–122; 1990(c), pp. 159–173. Rpt. en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 306–316. . * La violencia política y la guerra como causas del trauma psicosocial en El Salvador (b). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'', 7, 28, 123–141. Rpt. ''Revista Costarricense de Psicología'' 12, 13, 21–34; 1990(a), pp. 89–107; 1990(c), pp. 65–84; Traducciones al inglés en: ''International Journal of Mental Health'', 18, 1, (1989), pp. 3–20; ''Journal of La Raza Studies'' an Francisco State University2, 1, (1990), pp. 5–13; ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'' (Enero 14, 1990), 23–35; En John Sobrino y Ignacio Ellacuria (Eds.), ''Companions of Jesus: The Jesuit Martyrs of El Salvador'' (Orbis Books, 1990) pp. 79–97. * La mujer salvadoreña y los medios de comunicación masiva (c). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 7, 29, 253–266. * La violencia en Centroamérica: una visión psicosocial (d). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 7, 28, 123–41. Rpt. 1990(c), pp. 123–146; Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 333–346. . * El Salvador 1987 (e). ''ECA'' 43, 471–472, 21–45. * Opinión preelectoral y sentido del voto en El Salvador (f). ''ECA'' 43, 473–474, 213–223. * Consecuencias psicológicas del terrorismo político (e). San Salvador (inédito). * Los grupos con historia: un modelo psicosocial (h). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'', 11, 1, 3–18. Rpt. 1992. * Guerra y trauma psicosocial del niño salvadoreño (i). Trabajo presentado en conferencia de ACISAM, septiembre 12. Rpt. 1990(c), pp. 233–249; Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 7, pp. 122–135. ;1989 * ''La opinión pública salvadoreña (1987–1988)'' (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * La opinión pública salvadoreña ante los primeros cien días del gobierno de Cristiani (b). ''ECA'' 44, 490–491, 715–726. * Psicología política del trabajo en América Latina (c). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 8, 31, 5-25. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 5, pp. 84–102. * Los medios de comunicación masiva y la opinión pública en El Salvador de 1979 a 1989 (d). ''ECA'' 44, 493–494, 1081–1093. * Review of F. J. Hinkelammert ("La fe de Abraham y el edipo occidental") (e). ''Revista Latinoamericana de Teología'' 6, 17, 241–43. * ''Sistema, grupo y poder: psicología social desde Centroamérica'' II (f) San Salvador: UCA editores. * Asking Questions in El Salvador: As Dangerous as Expressing Them (g). Entrevista. M. Brinton Lykes, Links 6, 2, 10. * Encuestas pre-electorales en El Salvador (h). ''ECA'' 44, 485, 229–232. * Introducción (i). En E. Lira (ed.), ''Todo es del dolor con que se mira''. Santiago de Chile: ILAS. Traducción al inglés en: Commonwealth (Marzo 23, 1990) y John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 138–140. . * La institucionalización de la guerra (j). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 8, 33, 223–45. * The Psychologic Consequences of Political Terrorism (k). Video y transcripción del trabajo presentado en el simposium realizado por el Committee for Health Rights in Central America (CHICRA), Berkeley, CA, enero 17. * Retos y perspectivas de la psicología latinoamericana (l). En G. Pacheco y B. Jiménez (Eds.), ''Ignacio Martín-Baró (1942–1989). Psicología de la liberación para América Latina''. Guadalajara: ITESO, pp. 51–79 y en A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "La liberación como horizonte de la psicología", Capítulo IV, pp. 321–341. Conferencia pronunciada en la Universidad de Guadalajara, Mayo 24. * Sólo Dios salva. Sentido político de la conversión religiosa (m). ''Revista chilena de Psicología'' 10, 1, 13–20. * Iglesia y revolución en El Salvador (n). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'', 12, 27–39. ;1990 * La encuesta de opinión pública como instrumento desideologizador (a). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 35, pp. 9–22. * El hacinamiento residencial: ideologización y verdad de un problema real (b). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 35, pp. 23–51. *La violencia en Centroamérica: una visión psicosocial (c). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 35, pp. 123–146 * ¿Trabajador alegre o trabajador explotado? La identidad nacional del salvadoreño (d). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 35, 147–172. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El Latino explotado", Capítulo I, pp. 103–128. * Religion as an Instrument of Psychological Warfare (e). ''Journal of Social Issues'' 46, 93–107. Traducción al español en A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Religión y guerra psicológica", Capítulo III, pp. 227–244. * Psicología social de la guerra: trauma y terapia (compilación de textos)(f). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Guerra y trauma psicosocial del niño salvadoreño (g). En I. Martín-Baró (ed.), ''Psicología social de la guerra: trauma y terapia''. San Salvador: UCA editores. * La familia, puerta y cárcel para la mujer salvadoreña (h). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 37, pp. 265–277. * Entrevista con Ignacio Martín-Baró (i). En E. Cabrera, ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 37, pp. 299–308. * Reparations: Attention Must be Paid (j). Commonweal, 23 de Marzo. * Psicología social de la liberación para América Latina. Ignacio Martín-Baró (1942–1989) (k). Gerardo Pacheco y Bernardo Jiménez (comps.). Guadalajara: ITESO/Universidad de Guadalajara. ;1992 * Los grupos con historia: un modelo psicosocial (a). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'', 43, 1992, pp. 7–29. * (b). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'', 46, 1992, pp. 317–338. ;1993 * Prólogo en Emperatriz Arreaza Camero, ''La iglesia—institución de dominación o liberación? Caso Venezuela: ensayo exploratorio hacia una teoría crítica del control social''. Maracaibo: La Universidad del Zulia, Instituto de Criminología, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico. ;1994 * El método de la Psicología política (a). San Salvador (inédito). * ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró (b). Edited by Adrianne Aron and Shawn Corne. Cambribge, MA: Harvard University Press. ;1995 * Procesos psíquicos y poder. En M. Montero (ed.), ''Psicología de la acción política''. Barcelona: Paidós. ;1998 * Imágenes sociales en El Salvador (a). ''Revista de Psicología General y Applicada'', Vol. 51, No.3-4. * ''Psicología de la Liberación'' (b). Edición e introducción de Amalio Blanco. Epílogo de Noam Chomsky. Madrid: Editorial Trotta. * Compilation based in Luis de la Corte (1999), Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (1996), Amalio Blanco (1998), G. Pacheco and B. Jiménez (1990). Source Psychology Department, UCA. https://web.archive.org/web/20071007012612/http://di.uca.edu.sv/deptos/psicolog/


References


External Sources on Martín-Baró


Digital Collection Ignacio Martín-Baró
* http://tech.mit.edu/V105/N20/baro.20n.html * http://www.martinbarofund.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin-Baro, Ignacio 1942 births 1989 deaths Martyred Roman Catholic priests Catholic martyrs of El Salvador Jesuit martyrs Assassinated Salvadoran people Social psychologists Latin Americanists Roman Catholic missionaries in El Salvador Spanish people murdered abroad Assassinated Spanish people People murdered in El Salvador 20th-century Spanish Jesuits 21st-century Spanish philosophers People of the Salvadoran Civil War 20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs People from Valladolid 20th-century executions by El Salvador 20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians 20th-century Spanish philosophers Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries Jesuit missionaries Academic staff of Central American University 1989 crimes in El Salvador 1989 murders in North America 1980s murders in El Salvador Salvadoran psychologists Pontificia Universidad Javeriana alumni 20th-century psychologists