The Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) is a standardized

modeling language A modeling language is any artificial language that can be used to express data, information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in ...

in the field of

software engineering Software engineering is a branch of both computer science and engineering focused on designing, developing, testing, and maintaining Application software, software applications. It involves applying engineering design process, engineering principl ...

. IFML includes a set of graphic notations to create visual models of

user interaction Ancient Egyptian roles * User (ancient Egyptian official), an ancient Egyptian nomarch (governor) of the Eighth Dynasty * Useramen, an ancient Egyptian vizier also called "User" Other uses * User (computing), a person (or software) using an ...

s and front-end behavior in

software system A software system is a system of intercommunicating software component, components based on software forming part of a computer system (a combination of Computer hardware, hardware and software). It "consists of a number of separate Computer progr ...

s. The Interaction Flow Modeling Language was developed in 2012 and 2013 under the lead of WebRatio and was inspired by the WebML notation, as well as by a few other experiences in the Web modeling field. It was adopted as a standard by the

Object Management Group The Object Management Group (OMG®) is a computer industry Standards Development Organization (SDO), or Voluntary Consensus Standards Body (VCSB). OMG develops enterprise integration and modeling standards for a range of technologies. Busin ...

(OMG) in March 2013.

Focus

IFML supports the platform independent description of graphical user interfaces for applications accessed or deployed on such systems as desktop computers, laptop computers, PDAs, mobile phones, and tablets. The focus of the description is on the structure and behavior of the application as perceived by the end user. IFML describes user interactions and control behaviors of front-end of applications belonging to the following domains: * HTML+HTTP based Web applications. * Rich Internet Applications, as supported by the HTML 5 standard. * Mobile applications. * Client-server applications. * Desktop applications. * Embedded Human Machine Interfaces for control applications. * Multichannel and context-aware applications. IFML does not cater to the specification of bi-dimensional and tri-dimensional computer based graphics. IFML does not apply to the modeling of presentation issues (layout/look and feel) of an application front-end or to the design of business logic and data components. Although these aspects are not the focus of the language, IFML allows designers to reference external models or modeling artifacts regarding these aspects from within IFML models.

Content of the standard

The IFML specification consists of: * The IFML

metamodel A metamodel is a model of a model, and metamodeling is the process of generating such metamodels. Thus metamodeling or meta-modeling is the analysis, construction, and development of the frames, rules, constraints, models, and theories applica ...

( MOF). * The IFML

UML profile A profile in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a generic extension mechanism for customizing UML models for particular domains and platforms. Extension mechanisms allow refining standard semantics in strictly additive manner, preventing ...

. * The IFML visual syntax (Defined through Diagram Definition and Diagram Interchange specification). * The IFML XMI model exchange format.

Main modeling concepts

An IFML model consists of one or more ''view container''s (possibly nested). For example, windows in traditional desktop applications or page templates in Web applications. A view container can contain ''view component''s, which denote the publication of static or dynamic content, or interface elements for data entry (such as input forms). A view component can have input and output ''parameter''s. A view container and a view component can be associated with ''event''s, that can represent users' interactions or system-generated occurrences. For example, an event for selecting one or more items from a list or for submitting inputs from a form. The effect of an event is represented by an ''interaction flow'' connection. The interaction flow expresses a change of state of the user interface. An event can also trigger an ''action'', which is executed prior to updating the state of the user interface; for example, a delete or update operation on instances of a database. An input-output dependency between elements can be specified through parameter bindings associated with navigation flows or through ''data flow''s, that only describe data transfer. IFML also includes concepts for defining constraints, modularization, and

context awareness Context awareness refers, in information and communication technologies, to a capability to take into account the ''situation'' of ''entities'', which may be users or devices, but are not limited to those. ''Location'' is only the most obvious el ...

(e.g., based on user profile, device, location) over modeling elements. IFML concepts can be extended with standard extension mechanisms based on

stereotyping In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example ...

Benefits

The cost of front-end application development has increased with the emergence of an unprecedented range of devices, technological platforms, and communication channels, which are not accompanied by the advent of an adequate approach for creating a Platform Independent Model (PIM) that can be used for designing user interactions independently of the implementation platform. This causes front-end development to be a costly and inefficient process, where manual coding is the predominant development approach, reuse of design artifacts is low, and portability of applications across platforms remains difficult. IFML brings several benefits to the development of application front-ends: * It supports the formal specification of the front-end from different perspectives: interface composition, user interaction, event management. * It supports connection with the business logic, the data model, and the graphical presentation layer. * It isolates the specification of the front-end from implementation-specific issues. * It improves the development process, by fostering the separation of concerns between roles in the interaction design. * It enables the communication of UI design to non-technical stakeholders.A Foundation For a perfect UI Design
by CitrusBits (March 20, 2015)

Implementations and tools

IFML is currently supported by WebRati

A set of blog posts describing the standardization process is availabl
here
A new,

open-source Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open source model is a decentrali ...

IFML editor based on Eclipse, EMF/GMF and the Graphiti API is under development. The tool will be released as an open-source Eclipse Project. The tool will include mappings from IFML abstract concepts to the platform- specific concepts of Java Swing, Microsoft WPF, and HTML. The modeling of the IFML diagrams for the UI part can be complemented with (executable) UML diagrams according to fUML specifications combined with Alf scripts for the back-end business logic. A sneak preview of the tool features can be seen in thi
video
IFMLEdit.o

is a web-based open-source IFML editor focused on education and agile development. It supports model editing, code generation and emulation. Currently it supports the generation of code for server side

NodeJS Node.js is a cross-platform, open-source JavaScript runtime environment that can run on Windows, Linux, Unix, macOS, and more. Node.js runs on the V8 JavaScript engine, and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser. Node.js lets develope ...

, client side

JavaScript JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Ninety-nine percent of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior. Web browsers have ...

and mobile applications via Cordova or Flutter.

History

IFML was inspired by the WebML notation, invented at

Politecnico di Milano The Polytechnic University of Milan (, abbreviated as PoliMi) is a university in Milan, Italy. It is the largest technical university in the country, with about 40,000 enrolled students. The university offers undergraduate, graduate, and higher ...

by Stefano Ceri and Piero Fraternali, with a team of people including Roberto Acerbis, Aldo Bongio, Marco Brambilla, Sara Comai, Stefano Butti and Maristella Matera.

Focus

Content of the standard

Main modeling concepts

Benefits

Implementations and tools

History

References

Further reading

External links