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The IBM System/360 Model 67 (S/360-67) was an important
IBM mainframe IBM mainframes are large computer systems produced by IBM since 1952. During the 1960s and 1970s, IBM dominated the computer market with the 7000 series and the later System/360, followed by the System/370. Current mainframe computers in IBM' ...
model in the late 1960s.''IBM System/360 Model 67 Functional Characteristics''
Third Edition (February 1972), IBM publication GA27-2719-2
Unlike the rest of the S/360 series, it included features to facilitate
time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the Concurrency (computer science), concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each Process (computing), task or User (computing), user a small slice of CPU time, processing time. ...
applications, notably a Dynamic Address Translation unit, the "DAT box", to support
virtual memory In computing, virtual memory, or virtual storage, is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine" which "creates the illusion to users of a ver ...
,
32-bit In computer architecture, 32-bit computing refers to computer systems with a processor, memory, and other major system components that operate on data in a maximum of 32- bit units. Compared to smaller bit widths, 32-bit computers can perform la ...
addressing and the 2846 Channel Controller to allow sharing channels between processors. The S/360-67 was otherwise compatible with the rest of the S/360 series.


Origins

The S/360-67 was intended to satisfy the needs of key
time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the Concurrency (computer science), concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each Process (computing), task or User (computing), user a small slice of CPU time, processing time. ...
customers, notably
MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of modern technology and sc ...
(where
Project MAC Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in ...
had become a notorious IBM sales failure), the
University of Michigan The University of Michigan (U-M, U of M, or Michigan) is a public university, public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Mi ...
,
General Motors General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing f ...
,
Bell Labs Nokia Bell Labs, commonly referred to as ''Bell Labs'', is an American industrial research and development company owned by Finnish technology company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, Murray Hill, New Jersey, the compa ...
,
Princeton University Princeton University is a private university, private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial ...
, the Carnegie Institute of Technology (later
Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The institution was established in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools. In 1912, it became the Carnegie Institu ...
), and the
Naval Postgraduate School Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a Naval command with a graduate university mission, operated by the United States Navy and located in Monterey, California. The NPS mission is to provide "defense-focused graduate education, including clas ...
. In the mid-1960s a number of organizations were interested in offering interactive computing services using
time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the Concurrency (computer science), concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each Process (computing), task or User (computing), user a small slice of CPU time, processing time. ...
. At that time the work that computers could perform was limited by their lack of real memory storage capacity. When IBM introduced its
System/360 The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. System/360 was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applicati ...
family of computers in the mid-1960s, it did not provide a solution for this limitation and within IBM there were conflicting views about the importance of time-sharing and the need to support it. A paper titled ''Program and Addressing Structure in a Time-Sharing Environment'' by
Bruce Arden Bruce Wesley Arden ( – ) was an American computer scientist. Arden enlisted in the U.S. Navy during World War II (1944-1946) as a Radar Technician Third Class in California, Chicago, and Kodiak, Alaska. He graduated from Purdue Universi ...
,
Bernard Galler Bernard A. Galler (October 3, 1928 – September 4, 2006) was an American mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Michigan who was involved in the development of large-scale operating systems and computer languages including t ...
, Frank Westervelt (all associate directors at the University of Michigan's academic Computing Center), and Tom O'Brian building upon some basic ideas developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was published in January 1966. The paper outlined a
virtual memory In computing, virtual memory, or virtual storage, is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine" which "creates the illusion to users of a ver ...
architecture using dynamic address translation (DAT) that could be used to implement time-sharing. After a year of negotiations and design studies, IBM agreed to make a one-of-a-kind version of its S/360-65 mainframe computer for the University of Michigan. The S/360-65M would include dynamic address translation (DAT) features that would support
virtual memory In computing, virtual memory, or virtual storage, is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine" which "creates the illusion to users of a ver ...
and allow support for time-sharing. Initially IBM decided not to supply a time-sharing operating system for the new machine. As other organizations heard about the project they were intrigued by the time-sharing idea and expressed interest in ordering the modified IBM S/360 series machines. With this demonstrated interest IBM changed the computer's model number to S/360-67 and made it a supported product. When IBM realized there was a market for time-sharing, it agreed to develop a new time-sharing operating system called IBM Time Sharing System (TSS/360) for delivery at roughly the same time as the first model S/360-67. The first S/360-67 was shipped in May 1966. The S/360-67 was withdrawn on March 15, 1977. Before the announcement of the Model 67, IBM had announced models 64 and 66, DAT versions of its 60 and 62 models, but they were almost immediately replaced by the 67 at the same time that the 60 and 62 were replaced by the 65.


Announcement

IBM announced the S/360-67 in its August 16, 1965 "blue letters" (a standard mechanism used by IBM to make product announcements). IBM stated that: * "Special bid restrictions have been removed from the System/360 Model 67" (i.e., it was now generally available) * It included "multiprocessor configurations, with a high degree of system availability", with up to four processing units hile configurations with up to four processors were announced, only one and two processor configurations were actually builtref name=IBM-S360-67-FuncChar/> * It had "its own powerful operating system... heTime Sharing System monitor (TSS)" offering "virtually instantaneous access to and response from the computer" to "take advantage of the unique capabilities of a multiprocessor system" * It offered "dynamic relocation of problem programs using the dynamic address translation facilities of the 2067 Processing Unit, permitting response, within seconds, to many simultaneous users"


Virtual memory

The S/360-67 design added a component for implementing virtual memory, the "DAT box" (Dynamic Address Translation box). DAT on the 360/67 was based on the architecture outlined in a 1966 '' JACM'' paper by Arden, Galler, Westervelt, and O'Brien and included both segment and page tables. The Model 67's virtual memory support was very similar to the virtual memory support that eventually became standard on the entire
System/370 The IBM System/370 (S/370) is a range of IBM mainframe computers announced as the successors to the IBM System/360, System/360 family on June 30, 1970. The series mostly maintains backward compatibility with the S/360, allowing an easy migrati ...
line. The S/360-67 provided a 24- or 32-bit address space – unlike the strictly 24-bit address space of other S/360 and early S/370 systems, and the 31-bit address space of S/370-XA available on later S/370s. The S/360-67 virtual address space was divided into ''pages'' (of 4096 bytes) grouped into ''segments'' (of 1 million bytes); pages were dynamically mapped onto the processor's real memory. These S/360-67 features plus reference and change bits as part of the storage key enabled operating systems to implement
demand paging In computer operating systems, demand paging (as opposed to anticipatory paging) is a method of virtual memory management. In a system that uses demand paging, the operating system copies a disk page into physical memory only when an attempt is m ...
: referencing a page that was not in memory caused a
page fault In computing, a page fault is an exception that the memory management unit (MMU) raises when a process accesses a memory page without proper preparations. Accessing the page requires a mapping to be added to the process's virtual address space ...
, which in turn could be intercepted and processed by an operating system
interrupt handler In computer systems programming, an interrupt handler, also known as an interrupt service routine (ISR), is a special block of code associated with a specific interrupt condition. Interrupt handlers are initiated by hardware interrupts, software ...
. The S/360-67's virtual memory system was capable of meeting three distinct goals: * Large address space. It mapped physical memory onto a larger pool of virtual memory, which could be dynamically swapped in and out of real memory as needed from random-access storage (typically: disk or drum storage). * Isolated OS components. It made it possible to remove most of the operating system's
memory footprint Memory footprint refers to the amount of main memory that a program uses or references while running. The word footprint generally refers to the extent of physical dimensions that an object occupies, giving a sense of its size. In computing, t ...
from the user's environment, thereby increasing the memory available for application use, and reducing the risk of applications intruding into or corrupting operating system data and programs. * Multiple address spaces. By implementing multiple virtual
address space In computing, an address space defines a range of discrete addresses, each of which may correspond to a network host, peripheral device, disk sector, a memory cell or other logical or physical entity. For software programs to save and retrieve ...
s, each for a different user, each user could potentially have a private
virtual machine In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulator, emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve ...
. The first goal removed (for decades, at least) a crushing limitation of earlier machines: running out of physical storage. The second enabled substantial improvements in security and reliability. The third enabled the implementation of true
virtual machines In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulator, emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve ...
. Contemporary documents make it clear that full hardware virtualization and virtual machines were ''not'' original design goals for the S/360-67.


Features

The S/360-67 included the following extensions in addition to the standard and optional features available on all S/360 systems: * 16 control registers * Dynamic Address Translation (DAT) with support for 24 or 32-bit virtual addresses using segment and page tables (up to 16 segments each containing up to 256 4096 byte pages) * Extended PSW Mode that enables, e.g., additional interrupt masking, DAT * High Resolution Interval Timer with a resolution of approximately 13 microseconds * Reference and change bits as part of storage protection keys * Extended Direct Control allowing the processors in a duplex configuration to present an external interrupt to the other processor * Partitioning of the processors, processor storage, and I/O channels in a duplex configuration into two separate subsystems * Floating Addressing to allow processor storage in a partitioned duplex configuration to be assigned consecutive real memory addresses * An IBM 2846 Channel Controller that allows both processors in a duplex configuration to access all of the I/O channels and that allows I/O interrupts to be presented to either processor independent of what processor initiated the I/O operation * Simplex configurations can include 7 I/O channels, while duplex configurations can include 14 I/O channels * Three new supervisor-state instructions: Load Multiple Control (LMC), Store Multiple Control (SMC), Load Real Address (LRA) * Two new problem-state instructions: Branch and Store Register (BASR), and Branch and Store (BAS) * Two new program interruptions: Segment translation exception (16) and page translation exception (17) The S/360-67 operated with a basic internal cycle time of 200 nanoseconds and a basic 750 nanosecond magnetic core storage cycle, the same as the S/360-65. The 200 ns cycle time put the S/360-67 in the middle of the S/360 line, between the Model 30 at the low end and the Model 195 at the high end. From 1 to 8 bytes (8 data bits and 1 parity bit per byte) could be read or written to processor storage in a single cycle. A 60-bit parallel adder facilitated handling of long fractions in floating-point operations. An 8-bit serial adder enabled simultaneous execution of floating point exponent arithmetic, and also handled decimal arithmetic and variable field length (VFL) instructions.


New components

Four new components were part of the S/360-67: * 2067 Processing Unit Models 1 and 2, * 2365 Processor Storage Model 12, * 2846 Channel Controller, and * 2167 Configuration Unit. These components, together with the 2365 Processor Storage Model 2, 2860 Selector Channel, 2870 Multiplexer Channel, and other System/360 control units and devices were available for use with the S/360-67. Note that while Carnegie Tech had a 360/67 with an
IBM 2361 The IBM 2361 Large Capacity Storage (LCS) is an optional component of the IBM System/360 models 50, 65 (when not being used as a multiprocessor), and 75 computers. Storage is implemented using magnetic cores; the cycle time is 8 microseconds and ...
LCS, that option was not listed in the price book and may not have worked in a duplex configuration.


Basic configurations

Three basic configurations were available for the IBM System/360 model 67: * Simplex—one IBM 2067-1 processor, two to four IBM 2365-2 Processor Storage components (512K to 1M bytes), up to seven data channels, and other peripherals. This system was called the IBM System/360 model 67–1. * Half-duplex—one IBM 2067-2 processor, two to four IBM 2365-12 Processor Storage components (512K to 1M bytes), one IBM 2167 Configuration Unit, one or two IBM 2846 Channel Controllers, up to fourteen data channels, and other peripherals. * Duplex—two IBM 2067-2 processors, three to eight IBM 2365-12 Processor Storage components (768K to 2M bytes), one IBM 2167 Configuration Unit, one or two IBM 2846 Channel Controllers, up to fourteen data channels, and other peripherals. A half-duplex system could be upgraded in the field to a duplex system by adding one IBM 2067-2 processor and the third IBM 2365-12 Processor Storage, unless the half-duplex system already had three or more. The half-duplex and duplex configurations were called the IBM System/360 model 67–2.


Operating systems

When the S/360-67 was announced in August 1965, IBM also announced TSS/360, a time-sharing operating system project that was canceled in 1971 (having also been canceled in 1968, but reprieved in 1969). IBM subsequently modified TSS/360 and offered the TSS/370 PRPQ for three releases before cancelling it. IBM's failure to deliver TSS/360 as promised opened the door for others to develop operating systems that would use the unique features of the S/360-67 MTS, the
Michigan Terminal System The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems.. Created in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on IBM System/360, IBM S/360-67, S/370 and compatible mainframe computers, it was developed and ...
, was the time-sharing operating system developed at the University of Michigan and first used on the Model 67 in January 1967. Virtual memory support was added to MTS in October 1967. Multi-processor support for a duplex S/360-67 was added in October 1968. CP/CMS was the first
virtual machine In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulator, emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve ...
operating system. Developed at IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center (CSC) near MIT. CP/CMS was essentially an unsupported research system, built away from IBM's mainstream product organizations, with active involvement of outside researchers. Over time it evolved into a fully supported IBM operating system ( VM/370 and today's
z/VM z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. First released in October 2000, z/VM remains in active use and development . It is directly based on technology and concepts dating back to the 1960s, particu ...
). VP/CSS, based upon CP/CMS, was developed by National CSS to provide commercial time-sharing services.


Legacy

The S/360-67 had an important legacy. After the failure of TSS/360, IBM was surprised by the blossoming of a time-sharing community on the S/360-67 platform ( CP/CMS, MTS,
MUSIC Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Music is generally agreed to be a cultural universal that is present in all hum ...
). A large number of commercial, academic, and service bureau sites installed the system. By taking advantage of IBM's lukewarm support for time-sharing, and by sharing information and resources (including source code modifications), they built and supported a generation of time-sharing centers. The unique features of the S/360-67 were initially ''not'' carried into IBM's next product series, the
System/370 The IBM System/370 (S/370) is a range of IBM mainframe computers announced as the successors to the IBM System/360, System/360 family on June 30, 1970. The series mostly maintains backward compatibility with the S/360, allowing an easy migrati ...
, although the 370/145 had an associative memory that appeared more useful for paging than for its ostensible purpose. This was largely fallout from a bitter and highly visible political battle within IBM over the merits of
time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the Concurrency (computer science), concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each Process (computing), task or User (computing), user a small slice of CPU time, processing time. ...
versus
batch processing Computerized batch processing is a method of running software programs called jobs in batches automatically. While users are required to submit the jobs, no other interaction by the user is required to process the batch. Batches may automatically ...
. Initially at least, time-sharing lost. However, IBM faced increasing customer demand for time-sharing and virtual memory capabilities. IBM also could not ignore the large number of S/360-67 time-sharing installations – including the new industry of
time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the Concurrency (computer science), concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each Process (computing), task or User (computing), user a small slice of CPU time, processing time. ...
vendors, such as National CSS and Interactive Data Corporation (IDC), that were quickly achieving commercial success. In 1972, IBM added virtual memory features to the S/370 series, a move seen by many as a vindication of work done on the S/360-67 project; the microcode in the 370/145 was updated to use the associative memory for virtual address translation. The survival and success of IBM's VM family, and of virtualization technology in general, also owe much to the S/360-67. In 2010, in the technical description of its latest mainframe, the z196, IBM stated that its software virtualization started with the System/360 model 67.


See also

*
Virtual memory In computing, virtual memory, or virtual storage, is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine" which "creates the illusion to users of a ver ...


Further reading

* E.W. Pugh, L.R. Johnson, and John H. Palmer, ''IBM's 360 and early 370 systems,'' MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London, , includes extensive (819 ''pp.'') treatment of IBM's offerings during this period * Melinda Varian
''VM and the VM community, past present, and future''
SHARE 89 Sessions 9059–9061, 1997 * *


References


External links

* A. Padegs
"System/360 and Beyond"
''IBM Journal of Research & Development, vol. 25 no. 5, pp.'' 377–390, September 1981
''IBM System/360 System Summary''
thirteenth edition, January 1974, IBM publication GA22-6810-12, pages 6–13 to 6-15 describe the model 67
IBM System/360 Model 67 Reference Data (Blue card)


of a dual processor IBM 360/67 at the
University of Michigan The University of Michigan (U-M, U of M, or Michigan) is a public university, public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Mi ...
's academic Computing Center in the late 1960s or early 1970s are included in Dave Mills' article describing the
Michigan Terminal System The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems.. Created in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on IBM System/360, IBM S/360-67, S/370 and compatible mainframe computers, it was developed and ...
(MTS)
Pictures of an IBM S/360-67 at Newcastle (UK) University

TSS/360 Concepts and Facilities

Time-sharing in the IBM System/360 model 67
{{DEFAULTSORT:IBM System 360 Model 67 System 360 Model 67 Computing platforms Time-sharing Computer-related introductions in 1968 VM (operating system)