![Huiningfu plan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Huiningfu_plan.jpg)
Huining Fu (), or Shangjing Huiningfu (), was a
Fu in the Shangjing region of
Northeast China
Northeast China or Northeastern China () is a geographical region of China, which is often referred to as "Manchuria" or "Inner Manchuria" by surrounding countries and the West. It usually corresponds specifically to the three provinces east of t ...
. It served as the first superior capital of the
Jurchen-led
Jin dynasty (1115-1234)
Jin is a toneless pinyin romanization of various Chinese names and words. These have also been romanized as Kin and Chin (Wade–Giles). "Jin" also occurs in Japanese and Korean.
It may refer to:
States Jìn 晉
* Jin (Chinese state) (晉國), ...
from 1122 to 1153 (and was a secondary capital after 1173). Its location was in present-day
Acheng District
Acheng District (Manchu Language: Alcuka Hoton) is one of nine districts of the prefecture-level city of Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, covering part of the southeastern suburbs. The district was approved to es ...
,
Harbin
Harbin (; mnc, , v=Halbin; ) is a sub-provincial city and the provincial capital and the largest city of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, as well as the second largest city by urban population after Shenyang and largest ...
,
Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...
Province.
History
During the early years of building up their empire,
Jurchen rulers often moved people from elsewhere in China to their capital, Shangjing. The first emperor of the Jurchen-led
Jin dynasty,
Aguda (Emperor Taizu) (r. 1115–1123) resettled captives to the Shangjing area during his war against the
Khitan-led
Liao dynasty
The Liao dynasty (; Khitan: ''Mos Jælud''; ), also known as the Khitan Empire (Khitan: ''Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur''), officially the Great Liao (), was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the Yelü ...
. Aguda's successor,
Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong) (r. 1123–1134) conquered most of northern China in the
wars
War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular o ...
against the
Han Chinese
The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive va ...
-led
Northern Song dynasty
Northern may refer to the following:
Geography
* North, a point in direction
* Northern Europe, the northern part or region of Europe
* Northern Highland, a region of Wisconsin, United States
* Northern Province, Sri Lanka
* Northern Range, a ra ...
. He continued the policy, resulting in numerous wealthy people, skilled craftsmen from Yanjing (present-day
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
) and the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day
Kaifeng
Kaifeng () is a prefecture-level city in east-central Henan province, China. It is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China, having been the capital eight times in history, and is best known for having been the Chinese capital during the Nort ...
), being relocated to Shangjing. Historical accounts report that, after the
fall of Bianjing in 1127, the Jurchen generals brought to Shangjing (and elsewhere in North China) several thousand of people, including: "about 470 imperial clansmen; erudites and students of the imperial academy; eunuchs; medical doctors; artisans; prostitutes; imperial gardeners; artisans of imperial constructions; actors and actresses; astronomers; musicians". A variety of valuable goods captured in Bianjing was brought to the Jin capital as well.
[Tao (1976). Pages 28-32.]
In Aguda's days, palaces were not much more than tents, but in 1123, the Jurchens built their first ancestral temples and tombs (where the captured Song emperors
Huizong Huizong are different temple names used for emperors of China. It may refer to:
* Wang Yanjun (died 935, reigned 928–935), emperor of the Min dynasty
* Emperor Huizong of Western Xia (1060–1086, reigned 1067–1086), emperor of Western Xia
* E ...
and
Qinzong were to venerate the Jin emperors' ancestors in 1128), and in 1124 the Jin dynasty's
Emperor Taizong ordered a Han Chinese architect, Lu Yanlun, build a new city on uniform plan. The city plan on Shangjing emulated major Chinese cities, in particular Bianjing, although the Jin capital was much smaller than its Northern Song prototype.
[
The capital was moved to Yanjing (present-day ]Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
) in 1153 by Wanyan Liang
Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Liang (完顏亮) and his formal title Prince of Hailing (海陵王, ''Hǎilíng Wáng''), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. H ...
, the fourth emperor of the Jin dynasty. Yanjing was more centrally located within the Jin Empire, and it was easier to supply it with food. Wanyan Liang is said to have support of most of his officials in this move.[Tao, p.44] In 1157, Wanyan Liang even went so far as to destroy all palaces in his former capital.[
While Yanjing and later Bianjing were the Jin dynasty's principal capitals thereafter, Shangjing continued to sometimes play an important role in the Jin Empire. Wanyan Liang's successor, Emperor Shizong, who strove to revive Jurchen language and culture, spent a year in Shangjing from 1184-85, greatly enjoying hunting, traditional dancing, and speaking in Jurchen.][Tao (1976). Chapter 6. "The Jurchen Movement for Revival", Pages 78-79.]
Modern state
Ruins of the city were discovered and excavated in present-day Acheng District
Acheng District (Manchu Language: Alcuka Hoton) is one of nine districts of the prefecture-level city of Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, covering part of the southeastern suburbs. The district was approved to es ...
, Harbin City
Harbin (; mnc, , v=Halbin; ) is a sub-provincial city and the provincial capital and the largest city of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, as well as the second largest city by urban population after Shenyang and largest ...
, Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...
, about 2 km from Acheng District's central urban area.[ The site of the ruins is a national historical heritage site, and includes a museum open to the public, renovated in the late 2005.][金上京历史博物馆]
(Jin Dynasty Shangjing History Museum) Many of the artifacts found there are on display in Harbin.
References
Citations
Sources
Harbin government web site. (Retrieved September 25, 2006).
PlanetWare, 2006. (Retrieved September 26, 2006).
*Jin Hongjui
"The Setting of the Forbidden City and Its Protection"
Chinese Association of Cultural Relics Protection. (Retrieved September 28, 2006).
*Lu Rucai
''China Today''. December 2003. (Retrieved September 28, 2006).
*Theobald, Ulrich
ChinaKnowledge. 2000. (Retrieved September 28, 2006).
*Jing-shen Tao, "The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China". University of Washington Press, 1976, .
{{Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics
Former administrative divisions of China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Heilongjiang
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Ruins in China