Hemerobiidae

Hemerobiidae is a family of Neuropteran insects commonly known as brown lacewings, comprising about 500 species in 28 genera. Most are yellow to dark brown, but some species are green. They are small; most have forewings 4–10 mm long (some up to 18 mm). These insects differ from the somewhat similar Chrysopidae (green lacewings) not only by the usual coloring but also by the wing venation: hemerobiids differ from chrysopids in having numerous long veins (two or more radial sectors) and forked costal cross veins. Some genera (''Hemerobius'', ''Micromus'', '' Notiobiella'', '' Sympherobius'', ''Wesmaelius'') are widespread, but most are restricted to a single biogeographical realm. Some species have reduced wings to the degree that they are flightless. Imagines (adults) of subfamily Drepanepteryginae mimic dead leaves. Hemerobiid larvae are usually less hairy than chrysopid larvae.

Hemerobiids, like chrysopids, are predatory, especially on aphids, both as larvae and adults. The species ''Micromus tasmaniae'' is bred for biological pest control.

Systematics

The relationships between the Hemerobiidae and the other Neuropteran families are still unresolved. Despite their superficial similarity to chrysopids, the brown and green lacewings may not be as closely related as was at one time believed. Rather, the Hemerobiidae appear to be closely related to the Mantispidae.

The superfamily Hemerobioidea is currently restricted to the Hemerobiidae. Formerly, the pleasing lacewings (Dilaridae), silky lacewings (Psychopsidae), giant lacewings (Polystoechotidae) and as noted above the green lacewings (Chrysopidae) were placed therein too. Of these, only the Dilaridae and Chrysopidae seem to be reasonably close relatives of the brown lacewings. The Psychopsidae in fact seem to belong to an altogether different suborder of Neuroptera, the Myrmeleontiformia.

Phylogeny

Cladogram of Hemerobiidae relations, based on morphological and molecular data. Psychobiellinae was rearranged into Notiobiellinae and Zachobiellinae, and Adelphohemerobiinae was placed as ''incertae sedis''.

Genera

The subfamilies of Hemerobiidae are:

* Subfamily Adelphohemerobiinae
** Genus '' Adelphohemerobius'' Oswald, 1993
* Subfamily Drepanacrinae
** Genus '' Austromegalomus''
** Genus '' Conchopterella''
** Genus '' Drepanacra''
* Subfamily Carobiinae
** Genus '' Carobius''
* Subfamily Drepanepteryginae
** Genus '' Drepanepteryx'' Leach, 1815
** Genus '' Gayomyia''
** Genus '' Neuronema''
* Subfamily Hemerobiinae
** Genus '' Biramus''
** Genus '' Hemerobiella''
** Genus ''Hemerobius'' Linnaeus, 1758
** Genus '' Nesobiella''
** Genus ''Wesmaelius'' Krüger, 1922
* Subfamily Megalominae
** Genus '' Megalomus'' Rambur, 1842
* Subfamily Microminae
** Genus '' Megalomina'' Banks, 1909
** Genus ''Micromus'' Rambur, 1842
** Genus ''Nusalala'' Navás, 1913
* Subfamily Notiobiellinae
** Genus '' Anapsectra''
** Genus '' Notiobiella''
** Genus '' Psectra'' Hagen, 1866
** Genus '' Zachobiella''
*Subfamily Psychobiellinae
** Genus '' Psychobiella''
* Subfamily Sympherobiinae
** Genus '' Neosympherobius''
** Genus '' Nesobiella''
** Genus '' Sympherobius'' Banks, 1904

Apart from the genera assigned to subfamilies, the genus '' Notherobius'' is of uncertain or fairly basal position.

Fossils

Numerous fossil Hemerobiidae have been described, some from the still-living genera, others from genera that are entirely extinct today. While most have been found in Eocene to Miocene rocks or amber, '' Promegalomus'' is known from the Jurassic. It was formerly considered to constitute a distinct family Promegalomidae, but is currently recognized as a very basal member of the Hemerobiidae. The Cretaceous '' Mesohemerobius'' was formerly considered a brown lacewing, but is today rather placed as ''incertae sedis'' in the Neuroptera; it might be a member of the Hemerobioidea but not even that is certain. Notable fossil Hemerobiidae genera are:

* '' Bothromicromus'' Scudder, 1878 (Eocene/Oligocene; Quesnel, British Columbia)
* '' Brasilopsychopsis'' Crato Formation Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* '' Cratopsychopsis'' Crato Formation Brazil, Aptian
* '' Cretomerobius'' Ponomarenko, 1992 Dzun-Bain Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
*'' Hemeroberotha'' Makarkin & Gröhn, 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
*'' Mucropalpus'' Pictet, 1856 (Eocene; Baltic amber)
*'' Plesiorobius'' Klimaszewski and Kevan 1986 Late Cretaceous (Taimyr amber, Russia, Santonian Canadian amber, Campanian Ola Formation, Russia, Campanian)
* '' Prochlanius'' Kruger, 1923 (Eocene; Baltic amber)
* '' Promegalomus'' Panfilov, 1980 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic (Callovian/ Oxfordian)
* '' Prophlebonema'' Kruger, 1923 (Eocene; Baltic amber)
* '' Prospadobius'' Kruger, 1923 (Eocene; Baltic amber)
*'' Purbemerobius'' Jepson et al. 2012 Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)

The extinct genus '' Hemerobites'' was originally described in 1813 from a specimen preserved in Baltic amber as a hemerobiid. However further study has resulted in its synonymy with the genus '' Eutermes'' and placement in the termite subfamily Termitina. The species '' Wesmaelius mathewesi'', was described in 2003 from a solitary Eocene fossil found near Quesnel, British Columbia, and placed into the extant genus ''Wesmaelius''. At that time it was the oldest Hemerobiinae species described. Another species from the same genus, '' Wesmaelius makarkini'' was found in Garang Formation of Zeku County, Qinghai Province, China, in 2018. The finding is from Lower Miocene.

Some additional brown lacewing larvae have been found as fossils, but it has been impossible to determine their generic or subfamilial association.

References

* (1986): ''Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe''.

External links

BioLib Taxonomic tree of Hemerobiidae (incomplete)
on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

{{Taxonbar, from=Q790667

Hemerobiiformia
Neuroptera
Neuroptera families
Articles containing video clips
Extant Jurassic first appearances