human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochond ...

, haplogroup B is a

human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolu ...

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was

haplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to: * Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup * Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations. S ...

. The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland

East East or Orient is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fa ...

South East Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...

.Yong-Gang Yao et al. 2001
Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese
Am J Hum Genet. 2002 March; 70(3): 635–651

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic

Tianyuan man Tianyuan man ( zh, t=田園洞人, s=田园洞人, p=Tiányuándòng Rén) are the remains of one of the earliest modern humans to inhabit East Asia. In 2007, researchers found 34 bone fragments belonging to a single individual at the Tianyuan Ca ...

. Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,Haplogroup B.
/ref> as well as speakers of

Sino-Tibetan languages Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages. ...

and Austronesian languages. A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the

indigenous peoples of the Americas The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples. Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...

, the others being A, C, D, and X. Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...

via

Beringia Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72 degrees north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip ...

, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in

Paleo-Siberian Paleosiberian (or Paleo-Siberian) languages or Paleoasian (Paleo-Asiatic) (from , "ancient") are several linguistic isolates and small families of languages spoken in parts of northeastern Siberia and the Russian Far East. They are not know ...

tribes of northeastern Siberia. However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as

Tuvans The Tuvans ( tyv, Тывалар, Tıvalar) are a TurkicOtto Maenchen-Helfen, Journey to Tuva, p. 169 ethnic group indigenous to Siberia who live in Russia (Tuva), Mongolia, and China. They speak Tuvan, a Siberian Turkic language. They are als ...

, Altays,

Shors Shors or Shorians ( Shor: , ''shor-kizhi'', , ''tadar-kizhi'', , ''shor'', , ''tadar'', , ''shor-kizhiler'', , ''tadar-kizhiler'', , ''shorlar'', , ''tadarlar'') are a Turkic ethnic group native to Kemerovo Oblast of Russia. Their self design ...

, Khakassians,

Yakuts The Yakuts, or the Sakha ( sah, саха, ; , ), are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts ...

Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic peoples, Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the oth ...

Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...

Negidals Negidals (; Negidal language, Negidal: ''элькан бэйэнин'', ''elkan bayenin'', "local people") are a people in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, who live along the Amgun River and Amur River. The ethnonym "Negidal" is a Russification ...

, and

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Even ...

. This haplogroup is also found among populations in China,

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...

Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...

,Martin Bodner, Bettina Zimmermann, Alexander Röck, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, David Horst, Basil Horst, Sourideth Sengchanh, Torpong Sanguansermsri, Jürgen Horst, Tanja Krämer, Peter M Schneider, and Walther Parson, "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos." ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' (2011), 11:49. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/49

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from Indonesia's New Guinea in the west to Fiji in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Va ...

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and ...

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Polynesia Polynesia () "many" and νῆσος () "island"), to, Polinisia; mi, Porinihia; haw, Polenekia; fj, Polinisia; sm, Polenisia; rar, Porinetia; ty, Pōrīnetia; tvl, Polenisia; tkl, Polenihia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of ...

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

, and

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

.Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations", ''Human Biology'', June 2002. Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially

Filipinos Filipinos ( tl, Mga Pilipino) are the people who are citizens of or native to the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English and/or othe ...

and Austronesian speakers of eastern

(approx. 8%) and the aborigines of

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

and

Hainan Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. , the largest and most populous island in China,The island of Taiwan, which is slightly l ...

(approx. 7%).Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?" ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Hai-Xin Liu, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA," ''BMC Evol Biol.'' 2011; 11: 46. Published online 2011 February 15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46 However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as

Turochak Turochak (russian: Туроча́к, alt, Турачак, ''Turaçak'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turochaksky District of the Altai Republic, Russia. Population: Climate Turochak has a humid continental clim ...

and Choya districts in the north of

Altai Republic The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...

(3/72 = 4.2%

Tubalar The Tubalars are an ethnic subgroup of the Altaians native to the Altai Republic in Russia. According to the 2010 census, there were 1,965 Tubalars in Russia. In 2002 they were listed by the authorities within the indigenous small-numbered peopl ...

), Miyazaki and

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 ...

, Japan (approx. 3%),Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," 『法科学技術』''houkagaku gijutsu'', 12(1), 83–96 (2007) South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),

Tuva Tuva (; russian: Тува́) or Tyva ( tyv, Тыва), officially the Republic of Tuva (russian: Респу́блика Тыва́, r=Respublika Tyva, p=rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva; tyv, Тыва Республика, translit=Tyva Respublika ...

(1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan), and

Hulunbuir Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. ...

(1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. *B'R11'R24 **B4'5 – China (Han from

Zhanjiang Zhanjiang (), historically spelled Tsamkong, is a prefecture-level city at the southwestern end of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, facing Haikou city to the south. As of the 2020 census, its population was 6,981,236 (6,994,832 ...

, Paleolithic remains from

Tianyuan Cave Tianyuan Cave () is near Beijing, where Tianyuan man, one of the earliest modern humans, was found. The remains in the Tianyuan Cave have ancestral relations "to many present-day Asians and Native Americans". See also * Niah Caves * Fuyan Cave ...

), the Philippines ( Ivatan) ***B4 ****B4-T16217C* – Vietnam ( Lô Lô), Japan ****B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T) *****B4-C16261T* – Thailand ( Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province), Cambodia ( Takeo), Vietnam (

Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...

), China (

Han Han may refer to: Ethnic groups * Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group. ** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...

, Uyghur), Korea *****B4a – Korea,

Han Chinese The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive va ...

(Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (

Bidayuh Bidayuh is the collective name for several indigenous groups found in southern Sarawak, Malaysia and northern West Kalimantan, Indonesia, on the island of Borneo, which are broadly similar in language and culture (see also #Language issues, is ...

) ******B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 5% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400ybpYFull MTree 1.01.5539
/ref>) *******B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 5% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500ybp) ********B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, ''etc.''), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland ********B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 5% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500ybp) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville) the Polynesian motif, or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor) *********B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 5% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900ybp) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif") **********B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita) ***********B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo) ************B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel) ***********B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo) ***********B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville) ***********B4a1a1a1d – Tonga **********B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island) ***********B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita) ***********B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville) **********B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira) **********B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) **********B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java) **********B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella) **********B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona) **********B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji **********B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia) **********B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga) **********B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo) ***********B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres) ***********B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands **********B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo) **********B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa **********B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka) **********B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna) **********B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga **********B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville) **********B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands **********B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain) **********B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu **********B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa **********B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa **********B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands) *********B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people) *********B4a1a1c – Cook Islands *********B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng) *********B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita) *********B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) *********B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita) *********B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell) *********B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo) *********B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal) *********B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa **********B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa *********B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna) **********B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu *********B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands *********B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa *********B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela) *********B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul) *********B4a1a1r – Cook Islands *********B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville) *********B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands *********B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna) *********B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna) *********B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain) *********B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll) *********B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella) *********B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain) *********B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, ''etc.'') *********B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa *********B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu *********B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna) *********B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng) *********B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain) ********B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis) ********B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami) *********B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya) **********B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA ***********B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis) ********B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami) ********B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu) *********B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan) ********B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao) *********B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi) ********B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis) *******B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 5% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700ybp) ********B4a1b'e* – China ( Naxi,

Nyingchi Nyingchi (), also known as Linzhi and as Nyingtri, is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. The administrative seat of Nyingchi is Bayi District. Nyingchi is the location of Buchu Monastery. Economy ...

, ''etc.'') ********B4a1b – Japan *********B4a1b1 – Japan **********B4a1b1a – Japan, Korea ********B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam ( Thái), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province,

Tai Yuan The Northern Thai people or Tai Yuan ( th, ไทยวน, ), self-designation ''khon mu(e)ang'' ( nod, , คนเมือง meaning "people of the (cultivated) land" or "people of our community") are a Tai ethnic group, native to eight p ...

in Northern Thailand) *******B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 5% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700ybp) – India, China ( Uyghur), Vietnam (

Tay Tay may refer to: People and languages * Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname * Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam ** Tày language *Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...

), Japan ********B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 5% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600ybp) – Japan *********B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 5% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800ybp) – Japan, Korea, China **********B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea ********B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 5% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900ybp) – Vietnam ( Cờ Lao) *********B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar *********B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 5% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300ybp) – China (

Mongol The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of ...

Hulun Buir Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. ...

, Dai), Vietnam (

Dao Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to: * Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept * Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword * Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people People and language * Yao people, a minority ethni ...

, Hà Nhì,

Si La The Si La (also Sila or Syla) are an ethnic group of about 3,151 people living in northern Laos and another 600 living in two villages: Nậm Sin and Seo Hay of Lai Châu Province, Northwest region, Vietnam. Culture The Si La people speak a ...

, Nùng), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,

Nyaw The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ, , Isan pronunciation: , Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Na ...

in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province) *********B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka) ********B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 5% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500ybp) *********B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 5% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800ybp) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh ( Zhan Aul of Altai RepublicOmer Gokcumen, Matthew C. Dulik, Athma A. Pai, ''et al.'' (2008), "Genetic Variation in the Enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: Insights into Turkic Population History." ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 136:278–293 (2008). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20802.), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) *********B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 5% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200ybp) – Japan, Korea, China *******B4a1d – Vietnam ******B4a2 – Japan *******B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka) ********B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan) ********B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat) ********B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka) *******B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing) ********B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica *********B4a2b1a – Japan ******B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan ******B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan ( Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.''), Korea, Russia, Germany *******B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir *******B4a4b - China *******B4a4c - Thailand ********B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur *******B4a4d - China *******B4a4e - China ********B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan *******B4a4f - Japan ********B4a4f1 - China ******B4a5 – China (

), Taiwan (

Hakka The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...

), Vietnam ( H'Mông,

, Cờ Lao) *****B4g ******B4g1 – Thailand *******B4g1a – Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam ( Thái, Nùng, ''etc.''), China (Han from

, ''etc.'') *******B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver) ******B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam ( Cờ Lao,

), Thailand (

Tai Dam The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao from ...

in Kanchanaburi Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Htin in Phayao Province) *****B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand ( Phuan in Sukhothai Province) ******B4h1 – China (Fujian, ''etc.''), Taiwan, Thailand (

in Kanchanaburi Province), Japan *****B4i – China ******B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.'') *****B4k – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.'') *****B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam ****B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos *****B4b – Canada ******B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, ''etc.''), Dominican Republic *******B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua) ********B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, ''etc.''), Mexico *********B2a1a – USA (Hispanics) **********B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua) *********B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic) ********B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican) ********B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican) ********B2a4 *********B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa) **********B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango) ********B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California) *******B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina ********B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of

Gualaceo Gualaceo, nicknamed “El Jardin del Azuay” (The Garden of Azuay), is a canton in the sierra region of Ecuador in the Azuay Province. It is located 35 km east from the city of Cuenca and is one of the biggest cities in Azuay. Gualaceo ha ...

) ********B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic) *********B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba) ********B2b3 – Yanomama *********B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo ********B2b4 – USA (Mexican) *******B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada ********B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican) *********B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic) *********B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican) *********B2c1c – USA (Mexican) ********B2c2 – USA (Mexican) *********B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic) *********B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic) *******B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey) *******B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai *******B2f – USA (Mexican) *******B2g ********B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic) ********B2g2 *******B2h – Ache *******B2i ********B2i1 – Kayapo ********B2i2 – Chile *********B2i2a – Mapuche **********B2i2a1 – Chile ***********B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina ***********B2i2a1b – Chile *********B2i2b – Chile **********B2i2b1 – Chile *******B2j *******B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican) *******B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador *******B2m *******B2n *******B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona) ********B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia *********B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru *******B2p – USA (Mexican) *******B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican) *******B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican) *******B2s – USA (Mexican) *******B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta) *******B2u *******B2v *******B2w *******B2x *******B2y – South America (Andes), Peru ********B2y1 – USA ******B4b1 *******B4b1* – Thailand ( Phuan in Phrae Province),Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." ''Hum Genet'' 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y. Korea, Japan *******B4b1a ********B4b1a* – China, Tubalar, Philippines, Indonesia ********B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 5% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400ybp) – Japan *********B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 5% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200ybp) – Japan **********B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea **********B4b1a1b – Japan **********B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea *********B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 5% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600ybp) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, ''etc.''), Indonesia, Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), India **********B4b1a2a – Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,

in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan **********B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami) ***********B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo) ***********B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao) **********B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa) **********B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon) **********B4b1a2e – China (She people, ''etc.'') **********B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou) **********B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun) ***********B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun) **********B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami) **********B4b1a2i ***********B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (

Banjarmasin ) , translit_lang1 = Other , translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi , translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين , settlement_type = City , motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...

) ***********B4b1a2i1 ************B4b1a2i1* ************B4b1a2i1a *************B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati **************B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu ***********B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) *********B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 5% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000ybp) – Han Chinese (Denver) **********B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan) **********B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 5% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900ybp) ***********B4b1a3a* – Turk, Altai Kizhi, Shor, Uyghur, YakutDuggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, ''et al.'' (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570 ***********B4b1a3a1 – Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut ***********B4b1a3a2 – Khamnigan ***********B4b1a3a3 – Chuvash **********B4b1a3b ***********B4b1a3b* – Buryat ***********B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur *******B4b1b'c ********B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (

Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...

Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, ''et al.'', "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." ''Mol Genet Genomics'' 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.), Vietnam ********B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 5% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700ybp) *********B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 5% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800ybp) *********B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 5% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100ybp) *****B4d ******B4d1'2'3 *******B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat), China ( Oroqen,

Tibetan Tibetan may mean: * of, from, or related to Tibet * Tibetan people, an ethnic group * Tibetan language: ** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard ** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dial ...

from Tingri, ''etc.''), Korea *******B4d1 – China (

Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...

, Han from Fengcheng,

, Jiangsu, ''etc.''), Taiwan, Japan (

Chiba Chiba may refer to: Places China * (), town in Jianli County, Jingzhou, Hubei Japan * Chiba (city), capital of Chiba Prefecture ** Chiba Station, a train station * Chiba Prefecture, a sub-national jurisdiction in the Greater Tokyo Area on ...

), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)Endre Neparáczki, Klaudia Kocsy, Gábor Endre Tóth, ''et al.'', "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing." ''PLoS One'' 2017; 12(4): e0174886. ********B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir) *******B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao) *******B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.'') ********B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 5% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500ybp) *********B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, ''etc.''), KoreaPham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG. "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population." ''BMC Med Genomics''. 2022 Jan 3;15(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMID: 34980117; PMCID: PMC8722126. ******B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, ''etc.'') *****B4e – Thailand ( Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,

in Uttaradit Province), Laos ( Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam ( La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo) *****B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan ****B4c – Thailand, Indonesia *****B4c1 ******B4c1a'b *******B4c1a – China (Shandong,

Deng people Deng may refer to: * Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana * Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state * Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state ** Deng Xiaoping, paramount lea ...

, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam ( La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 5% CI 12,600 <-> 25,000ybp) ********B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi) (TMRCA 12,000 5% CI 8,300 <-> 16,700ybp) *********B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea **********B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea ***********B4c1a1a1a – Japan (Aichi, ''etc.'') **********B4c1a1a2 – Japan (Aichi) *********B4c1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Korea *********B4c1a1c – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.'') ********B4c1a2 – Barghut, Buryat, Yakut (TMRCA 11,700 5% CI 6,000 <-> 20,600ybp) *********B4c1a2a – Barghut (Hulun Buir), Khamnigan, Kyrgyz (Artux) (TMRCA 3,200 5% CI 700 <-> 9,300ybp) *******B4c1b - Japan (

Aichi is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefectu ...

), Vietnam (

), Thailand ********B4c1b1 *********B4c1b1* – Japan (Tokyo), Korea, USA *********B4c1b1a – Japan (Tokyo) ********B4c1b-A16335G *********B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A **********B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A* – Vietnam (

) **********B4c1b-C2380T ***********B4c1b-C2380T* – Japan (

) ***********B4c1b-A200G/G16145A/C16189TC – Uyghur *********B4c1b2 - Poland **********B4c1b2a – Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Fengcheng,

, ''etc.''), Kazakh ( Altai) ***********B4c1b2a1 – China (Zhejiang, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Japan ***********B4c1b2a2 – Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan), South Africa, China ************B4c1b2a2a – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami) ************B4c1b2a2b – Philippines (Ivatan) **********B4c1b2b – Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver) **********B4c1b2c – China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Vietnam ( Phù Lá,

), Cambodia (Siem Reap), Laos ( Lao in Vientiane), Hazara (Pakistan) ***********B4c1b2c1 – China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan ***********B4c1b2c2 – China, Taiwan (Hakka, ''etc.''), Vietnam (

, La Hủ), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province) ********B4c1b3 *********B4c1b3* – Japan (

) *********B4c1b3a – Northern Thailand ( Khon Mueang in

Chiang Mai Province Chiang Mai ( th, เชียงใหม่, ; nod, , ) is the largest Province (''changwat'') of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lam ...

and

Lamphun Province Lamphun ( th, ลำพูน, ; Northern Thai: ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Chiang Mai, Lampang, and Tak. Geography Lamphun is ...

) ******B4c1c *******B4c1c* – China, Korea, Japan *******B4c1c-T16311C! ********B4c1c-T16311C!* – China, Japan ********B4c1c1 – Japan, Korea,Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. Singapore, Kyrgyzstan *********B4c1c1a – Japan, Korea *********B4c1c1b - Japan *****B4c2 ******B4c2* – Thailand ( Tai Lü in

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...

Thai Thai or THAI may refer to: * Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia ** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand ** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand *** Thai script *** Thai (Unicode block ...

Western Thailand Western Thailand is a region of Thailand bordering Myanmar on the west, Southern Thailand on the south, and central Thailand on the east. Geography Thailand's long mountainous border with Myanmar continues south from northern Thailand into weste ...

, Phuan in Phichit, Lopburi, and Sukhothai provinces, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province, Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province), Laos ( Lao in Luang Prabang), Indonesia ( Banjar of

Banjarmasin ) , translit_lang1 = Other , translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi , translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين , settlement_type = City , motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...

, Besemah of Sumatra, Jawa Timur), USA ("Caucasian"), Vietnam ( La Hủ, Hà Nhì), Cambodia (

Siem Reap Siem Reap ( km, សៀមរាប, ) is the second-largest city of Cambodia, as well as the capital and largest city of Siem Reap Province in northwestern Cambodia. Siem Reap has French colonial and Chinese-style architecture in the Old F ...

Battambang Battambang ( km, បាត់ដំបង, UNGEGN: ) is the capital of Battambang Province and the third largest city in Cambodia. Founded in the 11th century by the Khmer Empire, Battambang is the leading rice-producing province of the coun ...

, Banteay Meanchey) ******B4c2a *******B4c2a* – ThaiIngman,M. and Gyllensten,U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines." ''Genome Res.'' 13 (7), 1600-1606 (2003). *******B4c2a1 – Uzbek,Ingman,M., Kaessmann,H., Paabo,S., and Gyllensten,U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans." ''Nature'' 408 (6813), 708-713 (2000). Uyghur, China ******B4c2b – Vietnam (

Cham Cham or CHAM may refer to: Ethnicities and languages *Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia **Cham language, the language of the Cham people ***Cham script ***Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script *Cham Albanian ...

), Cambodia (

Kampong Thom Kampong Thom may refer to: *Kampong Thom city Kampong Thom ( km, ក្រុងកំពង់ធំ), also Krong Kampong Thom, is the capital city of Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia lying on the bank of the Steung Saen River. It is a mid-wa ...

), Malaysia (

Seletar Seletar is an area located in the north-east of Singapore. Its name can also refer to the Seletar Planning Area (as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority), situated in the North-East Region of Singapore. The place name was derived from th ...

), Indonesia ( Banjar from

Banjarmasin ) , translit_lang1 = Other , translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi , translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين , settlement_type = City , motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...

), Netherlands ******B4c2c – Thailand (

Eastern Thailand Eastern Thailand is a region of Thailand bordering Cambodia on the east, North-Eastern Thailand, Northeastern Thailand in the north, and central Thailand on the west. Geography Eastern Thailand lies between the Sankamphaeng Range, which forms a ...

Tai Khün Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' *Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisations ...

, Tai Lü in

), Laos (Lao from

Luang Prabang Luang Phabang, ( Lao: ຫລວງພະບາງ/ ຫຼວງພະບາງ) or ''Louangphabang'' (pronounced ), commonly transliterated into Western languages from the pre-1975 Lao spelling ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ (ຣ = silent r) ...

), Cambodia (

), Vietnam ( Tày, Nùng,

), Taiwan (Minnan), China ( Tu, ''etc.'') ******B4c2d – Cambodia (

, Kratié) ******B4c2e – Vietnam ( La Hu) ******B4c2f – Vietnam (

), Thailand ( Phuan) ******B4c2g – Thailand ( Phuan) *****B4c3 ******B4c3* – China ******B4c3a *******B4c3a* – Vietnam ( La Chí) *******B4c3a1 – Vietnam ( La Chí) ******B4c3b – Vietnam ( Lô Lô) ******B4c3c – Vietnam ( La Hủ) ****B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early

Kofun period The is an era in the history of Japan from about 300 to 538 AD (the date of the introduction of Buddhism), following the Yayoi period. The Kofun and the subsequent Asuka periods are sometimes collectively called the Yamato period. This period is ...

)

Yokohama is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of To ...

) *****B4f* – Vietnam ( Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi) *****B4f1 - Barghut, Korea ******B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo) ******B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.'') ***B5 ****B5* – China ****B5a – Thailand (

from Kanchanaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga) *****B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China ******B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India *******B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands ******B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, IranSource: 23andme *******B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane), China, Korea ******B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand ( Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province), Guyana *******B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang) ********B5a1c1a – Han Chinese *********B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, ''etc.'') *******B5a1c2 – China (Han) ******B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra) *****B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan) ******B5a2a *******B5a2a1 ********B5a2a1a – China ********B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba) *******B5a2a2 ********B5a2a2* – China ********B5a2a2a *********B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai) *********B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai) ********B5a2a2b *********B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan) **********B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun) *********B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao) ****B5b – Korea, China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz *****B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Suay from Surin Province), Cambodia ( Lao), Vietnam, Singapore ******B5b1a – China, Thailand ( Shan from Mae Hong Son Province) *******B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi) *******B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo) ********B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo) ******B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, ''etc.''), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen *******B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey) ********B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon) *****B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic,

Ulchi Ulchsky District (russian: У́льчский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #143-pr and municipalLaw #194 district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai, seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is locat ...

,Rem I. Sukernik, Natalia V. Volodko, Ilya O. Mazunin, Nikolai P. Eltsov, Stanislav V. Dryomov, and Elena B. Starikovskaya, "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans." ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 148:123–138 (2012). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22050

Altaian The Altai people ( alt, Алтай-кижи, Altai-kizhi), also the Altaians ( alt, Алтайлар, Altailar), are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic, Russia. Several thousand of the Al ...

Kazakh), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut), Japan, Philippines ******B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan *******B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, ''etc.''), China (Han from Wuhan) *******B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Korea, China (Tianjin), Buryat, Hezhen ********B5b2a2a *********B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi) *********B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

), Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga) ******B5b2b – Yakut ******B5b2-C204T! - China (

), Korea, Vietnam (

) *******B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao) ********B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi) *****B5b3 ******B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (

Heian period The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese. ...

)

,Ryohei TAKAHASHI, Ryoko KOIBUCHI, Fumiko SAEKI, Yasuo HAGIHARA, Minoru YONEDA, Noboru ADACHI, and Takashi NARA, "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan." ''Anthropological Science'' Vol. 127(1), 65–72, 2019. DOI: 10.1537/ase.190307 ''etc.''), Korea, China ******B5b3b – Japan *****B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi *****B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver) **R11'B6 ***R11 – China (Han from Beijing) ****R11a – Japan, ChinaMtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> ****R11b – China (Han from Qingdao,Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Chang Sun, ''et al.'' (2003), "Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences." ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 73:671–676, 2003. ''etc.''), Tibet ( TingriLongli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Menghan Zhang, ''et al.'' (2016), "MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders." ''Scientific Reports'' , 6:31083 , DOI: 10.1038/srep31083.), Korea, Japan *****R11b1 – China (Han from Hunan) ******R11b1c - Altai Kizhi *****R11b2 - China, Xibo ******R11b2a - China, Thailand (Khmer from Surin Province), Vietnam (KinhDuong,N.T., Macholdt,E., Ton,N.D., ''et al.'', "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia." ''Sci Rep'' 8 (1), 11651 (2018).) *****R11b3 - China (Taihang area in Henan provinceJia Liu, Li-Dong Wang, Yan-Bo Sun, ''et al.'' (2012), "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 29(4):1255–1261. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr290) *****R11b4 - China (

from

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), Postal Romanization, alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a Direct-administered municipalities of China, municipality in Southwes ...

) ***B6 ****B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand ( Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province,

in Kanchanaburi Province) *****B6a1 – China, Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province), Philippines ******B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand ( Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Malaysia (Temuan) **R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa) ***R24a – Philippines

Popular culture

In his popular book ''

The Seven Daughters of Eve ''The Seven Daughters of Eve'' is a 2001 semi-fictional book by Bryan Sykes that presents the science of human origin in Africa and their dispersion to a general audience. Sykes explains the principles of genetics and human evolution, the parti ...

'',

Bryan Sykes Bryan Clifford Sykes (9 September 1947 – 10 December 2020) was a British geneticist and science writer who was a Fellow of Wolfson College and Emeritus Professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford.Genealogical DNA test A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnic mixt ...

Genetic genealogy Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used b ...

Human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochond ...

Population genetics Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and pop ...

* Indigenous Amerindian genetics

References

External links

*General **Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
**Mannis van Oven'
Phylotree
*Haplogroup B

from ''

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly the ''National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is a popular American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. Known for its photojournalism, it is one of the most widely ...

''
InaTianyuan, mtDNA B and the formation of Far Eastern peoples
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup B (Mtdna) B