, also known as Horyaku, was a after '' Kan'en'' and before ''

Meiwa was a after '' Hōreki'' and before ''An'ei.'' This period spanned the years from June 1764 through November 1772. The reigning empress and emperor were and . Change of era * 1764 : The era name became ''Meiwa'' (meaning "Bright Harmony") be ...

''. The period spanned the years from October 1751 through June 1764. The reigning emperor and empress were and .

Change of era

* 1751 : The new era of ''Hōreki'' (meaning "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac") was said to have been created to mark the death of the retired Emperor Sakuramachi and the death of the former ''

shōgun , officially , was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, except during parts of the Kamak ...

Tokugawa Yoshimune was the eighth ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Yoshimune is know ...

. The previous era could be said to have ended and the new era is understood to have commenced in ''Kan'en'' 4, on the 27th day of the 10th month; however, this ''nengō'' was promulgated retroactively. The ''Keikō Kimon'' records that the calendar was amended by Imperial command, and the era was renamed Hōreki on December 2, 1754, which then would have become 19th day of the 10th month of the 4th year of Hōreki.

Events of the ''Hōreki'' era

* 1752 (''Hōreki 2''): An ambassador arrived from the

Ryūkyū Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879. It was ruled as a Tributary system of China, tributary state of Ming dynasty, imperial Ming China by the King of Ryukyu, Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island t ...

. * 1754 (''Hōreki 4''): The ''Hōreki'' River Improvement Incident * 1758 (''Hōreki 8''): The Hōreki incident involved a small number of

kuge The was a Japanese Aristocracy (class), aristocratic Social class, class that dominated the Japanese Imperial Court in Kyoto. The ''kuge'' were important from the establishment of Kyoto as the capital during the Heian period in the late 8th ce ...

who favored a restoration of Imperial power; and this was construed as a threat by the shogunate.Ponsonby-Fane, ''Imperial House,'' p. 119. * 1760 (''Hōreki 10''): Shogun Ieshige resigns and his son, Ieharu, becomes the 10th shogun of the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars ...

. * 1762 (''Hōreki 12''): The Emperor Momozono abdicated in favor of his sister; and he died shortly thereafter. * 1763 (''Hōreki 13''): A merchant association handling Korean ginseng is founded in the Kanda district of

Edo Edo (), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the '' de facto'' capital of Japan from 1603 as the seat of the Tokugawa shogu ...

.Hall, John. (1988). ''The Cambridge History of Japan'', p. xxiii. * 1764 (''Hōreki 14''):

Sweet potato The sweet potato or sweetpotato (''Ipomoea batatas'') is a dicotyledonous plant in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its sizeable, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a root vegetable, which is a staple food in parts of ...

es are exported from Edo to Korea. The food crop in

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

is the result of a diplomatic mission.

Notes

References

* Hall, John Whitney. (1988). ''Early Modern Japan'' (''

The Cambridge History of Japan ''The Cambridge History of Japan'' is a multi-volume survey of Japanese history published by Cambridge University Press (CUP). This was the first major collaborative synthesis presenting the current state of knowledge of Japanese history.Cambr ...

'', Vol. 4). Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...

.
OCLC 489633115
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia''. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is an academic publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. Its director since 2017 is George Andreou. The pres ...

.
OCLC 48943301
* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794-1869.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby-Fane Memorial
OCLC 36644
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''

Nihon Ōdai Ichiran , ', is a 17th-century chronicle of the serial reigns of Japanese emperors with brief notes about some of the noteworthy events or other happenings. According to the 1871 edition of the ''American Cyclopaedia'', the 1834 French translation of ...

''; ou
''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.
Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
OCLC 5850691

External links

National Diet Library The is the national library of Japan and among the largest libraries in the world. It was established in 1948 for the purpose of assisting members of the in researching matters of public policy. The library is similar in purpose and scope to ...

, "The Japanese Calendar
-- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* National Archives of Japa
...Clink link for map of Ogasawara Islands drawn in 2nd year of ''Horeki'' (1752)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Horeki Japanese eras 1750s in Japan 1760s in Japan 1750s neologisms