Hélène Carrère d'Encausse (; née Zourabichvili; 6 July 1929 – 5 August 2023) was a French political historian who specialised in

Russian history The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs. The traditional start date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus' people, Rus' state in the north in the year 862, ruled by Varangians. In 882, Prin ...

. From 1999 until her death in 2023, she served as the Perpetual Secretary of the

Académie Française An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

, to which she was first elected in 1990. Carrère d'Encausse was a

member of the European Parliament A member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been Election, elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament. When the European Parliament (then known as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and S ...

between 1994 and 1999, representing the

Gaullist Gaullism ( ) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic. De Gaulle withdrew French forces from t ...

-conservative party RPR. She was awarded the

Lomonosov Gold Medal The Lomonosov Gold Medal ( ''Bol'shaya zolotaya medal' imeni M. V. Lomonosova''), named after Russian scientist and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov, is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humaniti ...

and Grand Cross with Star of the

Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland The Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland () is a Polish order of merit created in 1974, awarded to persons who have rendered great service to Poland. It is granted to foreigners or Poles resident abroad. As such, it is sometimes referred to as ...

in 2008 and 2011, respectively. She was a cousin of

Salome Zourabichvili Salomé Nino Zourabichvili (born 18March 1952) is a French-born Georgian politician, former diplomat, and the fifth president of Georgia – the first female to be elected as president in the country's history. As a result of the constitutiona ...

, the current disputed

President of Georgia The president of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი, tr) is the ceremonial head of state of Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U ...

. In 2023 she was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in Social Sciences.

Early life, family and education

Hélène Zourabichvili was born in the

16th arrondissement of Paris The 16th arrondissement of Paris (; ) is the westernmost of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, the capital city of France. Located on the city's Right Bank, it is adjacent to the 17th and 8th arrondissements to the northeast, as well as to the ...

to Georges Zourabichvili, a Georgian immigrant of an educated middle class background, and Nathalie von Pelken, a penniless descendant of Prussian

barons Barons may refer to: *Baron (plural), a rank of nobility *Barons (surname), a Latvian surname *Barons, Alberta, Canada * ''Barons'' (TV series), a 2022 Australian drama series * ''The Barons'', a 2009 Belgian film Sports * Birmingham Barons, a Min ...

and Russian counts. Both parents arrived in Paris in 1925. Her mother had grown up in Tuscany, where the remainder of her Russian family fortune was lost through misinvestment. Of her two maternal great-uncles, the Counts Komarovskii, Viktor was in 1905–1907 the vice-governor of Vyatka, notorious for defenestrating Muslims, and Georgii a veteran of the

Second Boer War The Second Boer War (, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, Transvaal War, Anglo–Boer War, or South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer republics (the South African Republic and ...

, Russian invasion of Manchuria and

Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major land battles of the war were fought on the ...

executed in 1920 by the revolutionaries. Hélène's father, son of a

Tiflis Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი, ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), ( ka, ტფილისი, tr ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia ( ...

lawyer and a translator, had fled the

Bolshevik The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...

takeover of the briefly independent

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...

in 1921 and studied

philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

and

political economy Political or comparative economy is a branch of political science and economics studying economic systems (e.g. Marketplace, markets and national economies) and their governance by political systems (e.g. law, institutions, and government). Wi ...

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

before re-joining his exiled family in Paris; he spoke five languages, as did his wife-to-be. In contrast to his family's fervent Georgian patriotism, however, he embraced Russian. Both families had been financially affected by the

October Revolution The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Historiography in the Soviet Union, Soviet historiography), October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was the second of Russian Revolution, two r ...

, but unlike his brothers, Hélène's father did not have a successful career in France. He worked as a cab driver and a stall trader in provincial towns, while Hélène and her mother lived with distant relatives in

Meudon Meudon () is a French Communes of France, commune located in the Hauts-de-Seine Departments of France, department in the Île-de-France Regions of France, region, on the left bank of the Seine. It is located from the Kilometre Zero, center of P ...

, in an

ethnic enclave In sociology, an ethnic enclave is a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity. The term is usually used to refer to either a residential area or a workspace with a high concentration ...

of white Russian émigrés. By 1936 her father became a salesman at Vilmorin and the family moved to a small flat in

Vanves Vanves () is a Communes of France, commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the Kilometre Zero, centre of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe and the tenth in France. History On ...

. As a child, Hélène spoke Russian at home and only learned French at age four while on holiday in

Brittany Brittany ( ) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica in Roman Gaul. It became an Kingdom of Brittany, independent kingdom and then a Duch ...

with an

upper class Upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status. Usually, these are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper cla ...

French acquaintance of the family. The family moved to

Bordeaux Bordeaux ( ; ; Gascon language, Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde Departments of France, department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the Prefectures in F ...

in the autumn of 1940, after the defeat of France and the establishment of the Vichy state. Hélène's father worked as an

interpreter Interpreting is translation from a spoken or signed language into another language, usually in real time to facilitate live communication. It is distinguished from the translation of a written text, which can be more deliberative and make use o ...

for the German occupying forces, initially at the car retailer Malleville et Pigeon. After his dismissal in early 1942 he accepted the offer of one Mariaud, a

black market A black market is a Secrecy, clandestine Market (economics), market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality, or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services who ...

dealer who married a Russian émigrée friend of his wife, to assist the German authorities with the confiscation of Jewish property. He became an earnest '' collaborationiste'' on account of his

anti-Communism Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism, communist beliefs, groups, and individuals. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, and it reached global ...

and his belief in the rebirth of Europe through the joint forces of

Nazism Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During Hitler's rise to power, it was fre ...

Fascism Fascism ( ) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It is characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hie ...

and

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...

, influenced by his readings of Henri Béraud, Henri de Kérillis and Abel Bonnard. He would celebrate

Christmas Christmas is an annual festival commemorating Nativity of Jesus, the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a Religion, religious and Culture, cultural celebration among billions of people Observance of Christmas by coun ...

in the company of a Nazi officer. After the

Liberation of France The liberation of France () in the Second World War was accomplished through diplomacy, politics and the combined military efforts of the Allied Powers, Free French forces in London and Africa, as well as the French Resistance. Nazi Germany in ...

he shaved his moustache off to avoid recognition. He attended an interrogation with the Deuxième Bureau on 10 September 1944 and discussed the offer of a prison cell as a protection measure. He was abducted and disappeared on the same day. Carrère d'Encausse kept her father's Nazi past a secret and reacted negatively when her son Emmanuel disclosed it in his memoirs against her will. After completing her secondary education at the 16th arrondissement's Lycée Molière, Hélène studied history at the

Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris Sciences Po () or Sciences Po Paris, also known as the Paris Institute of Political Studies (), is a public research university located in Paris, France, that holds the status of ''grande école'' and the legal status of . The university's unde ...

(Sciences Po), graduating in 1952. She completed her Doctorat de troisième cycle in 1963 and, in 1976, earned a

Doctorat ès lettres Doctor of Letters (D.Litt., Litt.D., Latin: ' or '), also termed Doctor of Literature in some countries, is a terminal degree in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. In the United States, at universities such as Drew University, the degree ...

from Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Paris 1) with a dissertation supervised by

Maxime Rodinson Maxime Rodinson (; 26 January 191523 May 2004) was a French historian and sociologist. Ideologically a Marxist, Rodinson was a prominent authority in oriental studies. He was the son of a Russian- Polish clothing trader and his wife, who both ...

and Roger Portal. She lectured in history at both Sciences Po and the Sorbonne.

Russian scholarship

Due to her interest in her family history, the bulk of Carrère d'Encausse's work focused on Russia and the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

. She had over two dozen books published in French, many of which have been translated into English. Her 1978 work ' (English version, ''Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt'') predicted that the Soviet Union was destined to break up along the lines of its 15 constituent republics, although she was incorrect in foreseeing that demographic pressures from the Muslim-majority republics of Central Asia would be the trigger. In commenting on current Russian affairs, Carrère d'Encausse warned against applying Western yardsticks to Russian democracy and said she regretted the excessive demonisation of the government of

Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as President of Russia since 2012, having previously served from 2000 to 2008. Putin also served as Prime Minister of Ru ...

. Up until the final days before Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine she refused to countenance such an eventuality, although her opinion of Putin changed after the start of hostilities. After she died, Putin paid homage to Carrère d'Encausse as "a great friend of our country" and expressed the hope that her legacy would help improve French–Russian relations.

European and domestic politics

In 1992, Carrère d'Encausse was invited by Culture Minister Jack Lang to chair the committee he had founded to promote a "yes" vote in that year's referendum on the Maastricht Treaty, a task that Lang said she performed with "fervour and enthusiasm". She was elected as a

in 1994, representing

Jacques Chirac Jacques René Chirac (, ; ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and 1986 to 1988, as well as Mayor of Pari ...

conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civiliza ...

party

Rassemblement pour la République The Rally for the Republic ( ; RPR ) was a Gaullism#Political legacy after de Gaulle, Gaullist and Conservatism in France, conservative List of political parties in France, political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for t ...

(RPR). During her time in the parliament from 1994 to 1999, she sat first with the European Democratic Alliance and later with the

Union for Europe The Union for Europe (UFE) was a conservative political group that operated in the European Parliament from 1995 to 1999. At its height in May 1999, it had 34 MEPs and it only existed during the European Parliament's 4th term. UFE was formed ...

group, and she served as one of the vice-chairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and as a member of the delegation for relations with Russia. In 2005, she controversially identified

polygamy Polygamy (from Late Greek , "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marriage, marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, it is called polygyny. When a woman is married to more tha ...

as one of the causes of France's 2005 civil unrest. During an interview given to the Russian television channel NTV, she claimed: "Why can't their parents buy an apartment? It's clear why. Many of these Africans, I tell you, are polygamous. In an apartment, there are three or four wives and 25 children." She also said that

political correctness "Political correctness" (adjectivally "politically correct"; commonly abbreviated to P.C.) is a term used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society. ...

on French television was "a nightmare" and was almost comparable to media censorship in Russia.

Académie Française

Carrère d'Encausse was elected to seat 14 of the

on 13 December 1990, then the third woman, and was elected its on 21 October 1999, making her the first woman to hold its top position. Her was made by the Franco-Georgian sculptor Goudji. As a member of the Academy, Carrère d'Encausse opposed both the feminisation of language, insisting that she be styled ''Madame le secrétaire perpétuel'', and gender-inclusive language, describing the use of the interpunct to accommodate both genders (as in ''les auteur·rice·s'') as "stupid" because of its impact on the musicality of a text. Her 2020 ruling that ''

Covid Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever ...

'' be considered a feminine noun was also fiercely criticised, including by fellow members of the Academy.

Personal life

Born stateless, Hélène Zourabichvili acquired French citizenship in 1950. In 1952 she married Louis Édouard Carrère d'Encausse, with whom she had three children: Emmanuel (born 1957), an author, screenwriter and director; Nathalie (1959), a lawyer; and

Marina A marina (from Spanish , Portuguese and Italian : "related to the sea") is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats. A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large passenger ships or cargo ...

(1961), a physician and broadcast journalist. Her brother was the composer Nicolas Zourabichvili, and she was a cousin of

, the current

. Carrère d'Encausse died in Paris on 5 August 2023, at age 94. President

Emmanuel Macron Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra since 2017. He was Ministry of Economy and Finance (France), Minister of Economics, Industr ...

announced that he would lead a national homage in her honour at the

Hôtel des Invalides The Hôtel des Invalides (; ), commonly called (; ), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an old soldi ...

before the end of the summer.

Honours and awards

Honours

* Belgium: Commander of the

Order of Leopold (Belgium) The Order of Leopold (, , ) is one of the three current Belgian national honorary orders of knighthood. It is the oldest and highest order of Belgium and is named in honour of its founder, King Leopold I. It consists of a military, a ma ...

* Brazil: Commander of the

Order of the Southern Cross The National Order of the Southern Cross () is a Brazilian Orders, decorations, and medals of Brazil, order of chivalry founded by List of monarchs of Brazil, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, Pedro I on 1 December 1822. The order aimed to commemorate ...

* France: Grand Cross of the

Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...

(2011) * France: Officer of the National Order of Merit * France: Commander of the

Ordre des Palmes académiques A suite, in Western classical music, is an ordered set of instrumental or orchestral/concert band pieces. It originated in the late 14th century as a pairing of dance tunes; and grew in scope so that by the early 17th century it comprised up to ...

* France: Commander of the

Ordre des Arts et des Lettres The Order of Arts and Letters () is an order of France established on 2 May 1957 by the Minister of Culture. Its supplementary status to the was confirmed by President Charles de Gaulle in 1963. Its purpose is the recognition of significant ...

* Monaco: Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit (November 1999) * Poland: Commander's Cross with Star of the

* Russia: Medal of the

Order of Honour (Russia) The Order of Honour () is a state order of the Russian Federation established by Decree of the President of Russia, Presidential Decree No. 442 of March 2, 1994 to recognise high achievements in government, economic, scientific, sociocultural, pu ...

Awards

Princess of Asturias Awards The Princess of Asturias Awards (, ), formerly the Prince of Asturias Awards from 1981 to 2014 (), are a series of annual prizes awarded in Spain by the Princess of Asturias Foundation (previously the Prince of Asturias Foundation) to individuals ...

(2023; Spain) * of the Society for the Encouragement of Progress (2020; France) *

(2008; Russia) * by

Tbilisi State University Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University ( ka, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი, tr; often shorten ...

(2003, Georgia) * (2000; France) * (1997; France) * (1995; France) * Prix Comenius (1992; France) * (1978; France)

Honorary degrees

HEC Paris HEC Paris () is a business school and ''grande école'' located in Jouy-en-Josas, a southwestern outer suburb of Paris, France. It offers Bachelor, MiM, MSc in International Finance, MBA, EMBA, executive education, professional developm ...

Université catholique de Louvain UCLouvain (or Université catholique de Louvain , French for Catholic University of Louvain, officially in English the University of Louvain) is Belgium's largest French-speaking university and one of the oldest in Europe (originally establishe ...

Université de Montréal The Université de Montréal (; UdeM; ) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university's main campus is located in the Côte-des-Neiges neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on M ...

Université Laval (; English: ''Laval University)'' is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institutio ...

University of Bucharest The University of Bucharest (UB) () is a public university, public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy of Bucharest, P ...

Sofia University Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" () is a public university, public research university in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is the oldest institution of higher education in Bulgaria. Founded on 1 October 1888, the edifice of the university was constr ...

Saint Joseph University Saint Joseph University of Beirut (; French: ''Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth'', commonly known as USJ) is a private Catholic research university in Beirut, Lebanon, founded in 1875 by French Jesuit missionaries and subsidized by the Go ...

Works

Carrère d'Encausse's page on the website of the Académie Française provides the following list of her publications. * 1966: ''Réforme et révolution chez les musulmans de l'Empire russe'' (Armand Colin), in English: ''Islam and the Russian Empire: Reform and Revolution in Central Asia'' (University of California Press, 1988) * 1966: ''Le Marxisme et l'Asie (with Stuart R. Schram), 1853–1964'' (Armand Colin) * 1967: ''Central Asia, a century of Russian rule, Columbia Univ., réédition 1990'' (Duke Univ. publication) * 1969: ''L'URSS et la Chine devant la révolution des sociétés pré-industrielles (avec Stuart R. Schram)'' (Armand Colin) * 1972: ''L'Union soviétique de Lénine à Staline'' (Éd. Richelieu), in English: ''History of the Soviet Union, 1917–1953.'' (

Longman Longman, also known as Pearson Longman, is a publisher, publishing company founded in 1724 in London, England, which is owned by Pearson PLC. Since 1968, Longman has been used primarily as an imprint by Pearson's Schools business. The Longman ...

, New York 1981, 1982) * 1975: ''La Politique soviétique au Moyen-Orient, 1955–1975'' (Presses de la F.N.S.P.) * 1978: ' ( Flammarion), in English: ''Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt.'' (Newsweek Books, New York 1979) * 1979: ''Lénine, la Révolution et le Pouvoir'' (Flammarion), in English: ''Lenin: Revolution and Power.'' (Longman 1981) * 1979: ''Staline, l'ordre par la terreur'' (Flammarion), in English: ''Stalin: Order through Terror.'' (Longman 1982) * 1980: ''Le Pouvoir confisqué'' (Flammarion), in English: ''Confiscated Power: How Soviet Russia Really Works.'' (

Harper and Row Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins, based in New York City. Founded in New York in 1817 by James Harper and his brother John, the company operated as J. & J. Harper until 1833, when ...

, New York 1982) * 1982: ''Le Grand Frère'' (Flammarion), in English: ''Big Brother: The Soviet Union and Soviet Europe.'' (Holmes and Meier, New York 1987) * 1985: ''La déstalinisation commence'' (Complexe) * 1986: ''Ni paix ni guerre'' (Flammarion) * 1987: ''Le Grand Défi'' (Flammarion), in English: ''The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917–1930.'' (Holmes and Meier 1992) * 1988: ''Le Malheur russe'' (

Fayard Fayard (complete name: ''Librairie Arthème Fayard'') is a French Paris-based publishing house established in 1857. Fayard is controlled by Hachette Livre. In 1999, Éditions Pauvert became part of Fayard. Claude Durand was director of Fayar ...

), in English: ''The Russian Syndrome: One Thousand Years of Political Murder'' (Holmes and Meier 1992) * 1990: ''La Gloire des Nations'' (Fayard), in English: ''The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations.'' (Basic Books, New York 1993) * 1992: ''Victorieuse Russie'' (Fayard) * 1993: ''L'URSS, de la Révolution à la mort de Staline'' ( Le Seuil) * 1996: ''Nicolas II, La transition interrompue'' (Fayard) * 1998: ''Lénine'' (Fayard) * 2000: ''La Russie inachevée'' (Fayard) * 2002: ''Catherine II'' (Fayard) * 2003: ''L'Impératrice et l'abbé : un duel littéraire inédit'' (Fayard) * 2005: ''L'Empire d'Eurasie'' (Fayard) * 2006: ''La Deuxième Mort de Staline'' * 2008: ''Alexandre II. Le printemps de la Russie'' (Fayard) * 2010: ' (Fayard) * 2011: ''Des siècles d'immortalité. L'Académie française 1635-....'' (Fayard) * 2013: ''Les Romanov – Une dynastie sous le règne du sang'' (Fayard) * 2015: ''Six années qui ont changé le monde 1985–1991 – La chute de l'empire soviétique'' (Fayard) * 2017: ''Le général de Gaulle et la Russie'' (Fayard) * 2019: ''La Russie et la France'' (Fayard) * 2021: ''Alexandra Kollontaï. La Walkyrie de la Révolution'' (Fayard)

References

Bibliography

* (English translation: ''My Life as a Russian Novel: A Memoir'', New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010; ) *

External links

Home page at the Académie française

archive
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrere dEncausse, Helene 1929 births 2023 deaths Writers from Paris Sciences Po alumni Academic staff of Pantheon-Sorbonne University 20th-century French historians Members of the Académie Française Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Arts Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Members of the Romanian Academy Central Asian studies scholars French people of Georgian descent French people of Russian descent Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite Commanders with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland Commanders of the Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco) Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia) Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal Zourabichvili family Rally for the Republic MEPs 20th-century women MEPs for France MEPs for France 1994–1999 20th-century French women politicians