History
Military origins
The US Navy initiated the Military Manpower versus Hardware (HARDMAN) Methodology in 1977 to address problems with manpower, personnel and training in the service. In 1980, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine established the Committee on Human Factors, which was later renamed the Committee on Human Systems Integration. The modern concept of human systems integration in the United States originated in 1986 as a US Army program called the Manpower and Personnel Integration (MANPRINT) program. With ties to the academic fields of industrial engineering and experimental psychology, MANPRINT incorporated human factors engineering with manpower, personnel and training domains into an integrated discipline. MANPRINT focused on the needs and capabilities of the soldier during the development of military systems, and MANPRINT framed a human-centered focus in six domains: human factors engineering, manpower, personnel, training, health hazards and system safety. The US Marine Corps, a component of the Navy, implemented aspects of both HARDMAN and MANPRINT programs to achieve HSI objectives, issuing a formal HSI policy in Marine Corps Order 5000.22 in 1994. The US Air Force began an HSI program in 1982 as "IMPACTS". Modern HSI programs abandoned early acronyms such as HARDMAN, MANPRINT and IMPACTS over the course of the development of their HSI programs. For example, the Air Force currently manages HSI through thPolicy
DoD acquisition policy to formalize manpower, personnel, training and safety processes started in 1988.Belcher, M. F. (1995). ''Comparative analysis of United States Army and Marine Corps Human Systems Integration Methodologies'' (dissertation). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. URL: https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/31518/95Mar_Belcher.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y HSI as a distinct focus area was first addressed in the Operation of the Defense Acquisition System (DODINST 5000.02) issued in 2003. Updated in 2008, this policy expanded the six domains in the MANPRINT program to seven, re-focusing systems safety as safety and occupational health, and adding habitability and survivability to the list. In 2010, the National Academy of Sciences committee on Human Systems Integration was transitioned to a board under the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Th Technical standards and requirements
ttp://everyspec.com/DATA-ITEM-DESC-DIDs/DI-HFAC/DI-HFAC-81743A_32775/ DI-HFAC 81743 Human Systems Integration Program Plan
HSI and systems engineering
The INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook provides an authoritative reference to understand the discipline of Systems Engineering for student and practicing professionals. The human part of the system is associated with systems engineering activities from start to finish: from requirements development, to architectural design processes, verification, validation and operation. HSI is integral to the systems engineering process, and must be addressed in all program level integrated development product teams at program, technical, design, and decision reviews throughout the lifecycle of the system. The guidebook focuses on the integration of HSI into SE processes, and notes that intuitive understanding of the important role of the human as an element of a system is not enough to achieve HSI related cost and performance objectives. HSI assists engineers though the addition of human-centered domain specialists and integrators who ensure that human considerations such as usability, safety and health, maintainability and trainability are accounted for using systematic methodologies grounded in each human-centered domain HSI trade studies and analyses are key methods of HSI that often result in insights not otherwise realized in systems engineering:. The INCOSE Systems Engineering Guidebook recommends a number of steps to effectively incorporate HSI into systems engineering processes * Initiate HSI early and effectively * Identify HSI issues and plan analyses * Document HSI requirements * Make HSI a factor in source selection for contracted development * Execute Integrated Technical Processes (including HSI domain integration * Conduct Proactive Tradeoffs * Conduct HSI Assessments HSI interacts with a number of SE activities: * HSI domain experts collaborate with each other to achieve HSI objectives * The contractor and the customer may each have an HSI lead integrator and domain experts, each role collaborating with their counterparts * HSI domain experts may participate in program management roles such as Integrated Product Teams, design teams, logistics management teams, and other systems engineering and program management collaborations * HSI interacts with reliability, availability and maintainability activities. * HSI is important to successful test and evaluation and should be integrated to all stages of test and evaluation activities * HSI interacts with logistics and supportability activities.HSI and logistics support
Planning and management for cost and performance across the lifecycle of a system are accomplished through lifecycle logistics and integrated product support. These activities ensure that the system will meet sustainment objectives and satisfy user sustainment objectives. Product Support management covers three focus areas: lifecycle management, technical management and infrastructure management. The HSI domains of training, manpower and personnel fall under infrastructure management and are among the twelve elements of logistics / product support. Design Interface, one of the twelve elements of logistics / product support, is a subcategory of technical management and includes multiple domains of HSI, including human factors, personnel, habitability, training, safety and occupational health.{{Cite web, last=Defense Acquisition University, date=December 2019, title=Product Support Managers Guidebook, url=https://www.dau.edu/pdfviewer?Guidebooks/Product-Support-Manager-(PSM)-Guidebook.pdf, access-date=7 Nov 2021 Design Interface (including HSI) is the integration of quantitative systems design characteristics with functional integrated product support elements. In this element of logistics, the systems design parameters drive product support resource requirements. Product support requirements are derived to ensure the system meets availability goals, balancing design and support costs. Design interface is a leading activity that impacts all other logistics / product support elements. Reliability and maintainability are aspects of design interface that have ties to manpower, personnel and training. Maintainability is a measure of the ease and speed in which a piece of equipment or system can be restored to full functionality after a failure; it is a function of design, personnel availability and skill levels, maintenance procedures, training and test equipment. Low maintainability may increase manpower, personnel and training costs over the lifecycle of the system. Human factors engineering and usability play an important role in requirements development, definition, design development and evaluation of system support for reliability and maintainability in the operational environment. Safety and occupational health are important aspects of product support: injury, accidental equipment damage, chronic injuries and long-term health problems reduce supportability, reliability and availabilityDomains
Human factors engineering
Human Factors Engineering (HFE) is an engineering discipline that ensures human capabilities and limitations in areas such as perception, cognition, sensory and physical attributes are incorporated into requirements and design. Effective HFE ensures that systems design capitalizes on, and does not exceed, the abilities of the human user population. HFE can reduce the scope of manpower and training requirements, and ensure the system can be operated maintained and supported by users, in a habitable, safe and survivable manner. HFE is concerned with designing human-systems interfaces such as: * Functional interfaces: functions, tasks, and allocation of functions to human or automation * Informational interfaces: information and characteristics of information that support understanding and awareness of the environment and system * Environmental interfaces: natural and artificial environments, environmental controls, and facility design * Cooperational interfaces: provisions for team performance, cooperation and collaboration * Organizational interfaces: job design, management structure, policies and regulations that impact behavior * Cognitive interfaces: decision rules, decision support systems, provisioning for situational awareness and mental models. * Physical interfaces: hardware and software elements such as controls, displays, workstations, worksites, accesses, labels and markings, structures, steps and ladders, handholds, maintenance provisions, and more. Technical standards and requirements:Manpower
Manpower focuses on evaluating and defining the right mix of personnel (sometimes referred to as "spaces") for people to operate, maintain and support a system. Manpower requirements should be based on task analysis and consider workload, fatigue, physical and sensory overload, environmental conditions (heat/cold) and reduced visibility. Manpower requirements are the highest cost driver for a system, and can account for up to 70% of the total lifecycle cost. Requirements are based on the full range of operations from a low operational tempo, peacetime scenario to continuous sustained operations, and should include consideration for surge operations capacity. In the manpower analysis process, labor-intensive "high driver tasks" should be examined, and targeted for engineering design changes to reduce the manpower requirement through automation, or improved usability in design. A top down functional analysis can be the basis for determinations of which functions can be eliminated, consolidated, or simplified to control manpower costs. DoD manpower policy comes froPersonnel
The personnel domain is concerned with the human performance characteristics of the user population (cognitive, sensory and physical skills, knowledge, experience and abilities) of operators, maintainers and support staff required for a system. Cost effective engineering designs minimize personnel requirements, and keep them consistent with the user population. Systems that require new or advance personnel requirements will experience cost increases in other domains, such as training. The user group identified for a system may be referred to as the "target audience". The target audience is situated within a larger organizational structure, and recruitment, retention and personnel policies that may impact or be impacted by the new system should be considered. HSI and the personnel domain may impact policy, or policy may impact HSI. For example, the system may require additional recruitment to sustain the organizational workforce while employing the new system. An example of policy impacting HSI is increased diversity in the user population that may alter anthropometric requirements for the system and impact requirements in the HFE domain. Manpower and personnel standards include:Training
The training domain is concerned with giving the target audience the opportunity to acquire, gain or enhance the knowledge, skills and abilities needed to operate, maintain and support a system. The target audience may be individuals or groups; training in a systems engineering / acquisition setting is focused on job-relevant knowledge, skills and abilities aimed at satisfying performance levels specific to the system being designed. Training the operators, maintainers and support personnel to conduct their respective tasks is a component of the total system and a part of delivering the intended capability of the system. This includes the integration of training concepts and strategies with elements of logistics support, including technical manuals and procedures, interactive electronic technical manuals, job performance aids, computer based interactive courseware, simulators, and actual equipment, including embedded training capabilities on actual equipment. Training is an important aspect of configuration management: it is critical that training impacts of any and all changes to the system are evaluated. The objective of training is to develop and sustain ready, well trained personnel while reducing lifecycle costs, contributing to a positive readiness outcome. The industry standard practice to develop cost effective training is instructional systems design. Training standards include: USA:Environment, safety and occupational health
The environment, safety and occupational health domain is focused on determining system design characteristics that minimize risks to human health and physical wellbeing such as acute or chronic illness, disability death, or injury. In a physical system design, systems safety works closely with systems engineers to identify, document, design out, or mitigate system hazards and reduce residual risk from those hazards. The three areas that must be considered are: * environment, or the natural and man-made conditions in and around the system and the operational context of the system * safety factors in systems design that minimize the potential for mishaps, such as walking surfaces, work at heights, pressure extremes, confined spaces, control of hazardous energy releases, fire and explosions * occupational health: system design features that minimize the risk of injury, acute or chronic illness, or disability or reduce long term job performance from hazards such as noise, chemicals, atmospheric hazards (such as confined spaces), vibration, radiation and repetitive motion injuries. A health hazard analysis should be performed periodically during the system lifecycle to identify risks, initiating the risk management process. In DoD programs, program managers must prepare a Programmatic Environmental, Safety and Occupational Health EvaluationForce protection and survivability
Survivability is design features that reduce the risk ofHabitability
Habitability is the application of human centered design to the physical environment (living areas, personal hygiene facilities, working areas, living areas, and personnel support areas) to sustain and optimize morale, safety, health, comfort and quality of life of personnel. Design aspects such as lighting; space; ventilation and sanitation; noise and temperature control; religious, medical and food services availability; berthing, bathing and personal hygiene are all aspects of habitability, and directly contribute to personnel effectiveness and mission accomplishment. Habitability standards include:Further reading
* Boehm-Davis, D., Durso, F. T., & Lee, J. D. (2015). ''APA handbook of human systems integration''. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. * Booher, H. R. (1990). ''Manprint: An approach to systems integration''. New York, NY: Reinhold. * Hardman, N. S. (2009). ''An empirical methodology for engineering human systems integration''. * Pew, R. W., & Mavor, A. S. (2007). ''Human-system integration in the system development process: A new look''. Washington: National Academies Press. * Rouse, W. B. (2010). ''The economics of human systems integration valuation of investments in peoples training and education, safety and health, and work productivity''. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.References