Hrabanus Maurus

Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of the encyclopaedia ''De rerum naturis'' (''"On the Natures of Things"''). He also wrote treatises on education and grammar and commentaries on the Bible. He was one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age, and was called "Praeceptor Germaniae", or "the teacher of Germany". In the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology ('' Martyrologium Romanum'', 2004, pp. 133), his feast is given as 4 February and he is qualified as a Saint ('sanctus').

Life

Rabanus was born of noble parents in Mainz. The date of his birth remains uncertain, but in 801 he was ordained a deacon at Benedictine Abbey of Fulda in Hesse, where he had been sent to school and had become a monk. At the insistence of Ratgar, his abbot, he went together with Haimo (later of Halberstadt) to complete his studies at Tours. There he studied under Alcuin, who in recognition of his diligence and purity gave him the surname of Maurus, after the favourite disciple of Benedict, Saint Maurus."Rabanus Maurus", Hymnary
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Returning to Fulda, in 803 he was entrusted with the principal charge of the abbey school, which under his direction became one of the most preeminent centers of scholarship and book production in Europe, and sent forth such pupils as Walafrid Strabo, Servatus Lupus of Ferrières, and Otfrid of Weissenburg. It was probably at this period that he compiled his excerpt from the grammar of Priscian, a popular textbook during the Middle Ages. According to Alban Butler's ''Lives of the Saints,'' Rabanus ate no meat and drank no wine.

In 814 Rabanus was ordained a priest. Shortly afterwards, apparently on account of disagreement with Abbot Ratgar, he withdrew for a time from Fulda. This banishment was long thought to have occasioned a pilgrimage to Palestine, based on an allusion in his commentary on Joshua. However, the passage in question is taken from Origen's ''Homily'' xiv ''In Librum Jesu Nave''. Hence, it was Origen, not Rabanus, who visited Palestine. Rabanus returned to Fulda in 817 on the election of a new abbot, Eigil, and at Eigil's death in 822, Rabanus himself became abbot. He handled this position efficiently and successfully, but in 842 he resigned so as to have greater leisure for study and prayer, retiring to the neighbouring monastery of St Petersberg.

In 847 Rabanus was constrained to return to public life when he was elected to succeed Otgar as Archbishop of Mainz. He died at Winkel on the Rhine in 856.

Hymns

Rabanus composed a number of hymns, the most famous of which is the ''Veni Creator Spiritus''. This is a hymn to the Holy Spirit often sung at Pentecost, at ordinations and at the papal conclave. It is known in English through many translations, including ''Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire''; ''Come, Holy Ghost, Creator blest''; and ''Creator Spirit, by whose aid.'' ''Veni Creator Spiritus'' was used by Gustav Mahler as the first chorale of his eighth symphony.

Another of Rabanus' hymns, ''Christ, the fair glory of the holy angels'' (''Christe, sanctorum decus Angelorum''), sung for the commemoration of Saint Michael and All Angels, and to include the archangels Gabriel and Raphael, is found in English translation in '' The Hymnal 1982'' (of the Episcopal Church), and was harmonized by Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Works

Rabanus' works, many of which remained unpublished, comprise commentaries on scripture (Genesis to Judges, Ruth, Kings, Chronicles, Judith, Esther, Canticles, Proverbs, Wisdom, Sirach, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Maccabees, Matthew, the Epistles of St Paul, including Hebrews); and various treatises relating to doctrinal and practical subjects, including more than one series of homilies. In ''De institutione clericorum'' he brought into prominence the views of Augustine and Gregory the Great as to the training which was requisite for a right discharge of the clerical function. One of his most popular and enduring works is a collection of poems centered on the cross, called ''De laudibus sanctae crucis'' or ''In honorem sanctae crucis,'' a set of highly sophisticated poems that present the cross (and, in the last poem, Rabanus himself kneeling before it) in word and image, even in numbers.

Among the others may be mentioned the ''De universo libri xxii., sive etymologiarum opus'', a kind of dictionary or encyclopedia, heavily dependent upon Isidore of Seville's ''Etymologies'', designed as a help towards the typological, historical and mystical interpretation of Scripture, the ''De sacris ordinibus'', the ''De disciplina ecclesiastica'' and the ''Martyrologium''. All of them are characterized by erudition (he knew even some Greek and Hebrew). He also wrote '' De procinctu romanae miliciae'', an annotated abridgement of '' De re militari'' to improve Frankish warfare.

In the annals of German philology a special interest attaches to the ''Glossaria Latino-Theodisca''. A commentary, ''Super Porphyrium'', printed by Cousin in 1836 among the ''Ouvrages inédits d'Abélard'', and assigned both by that editor and by Haurau to Hrabantis Maurus, is now generally believed to have been the work of a disciple.

In 2006 Germans marked the 1150th anniversary of his death, especially in Mainz and in Fulda. Highlights of the celebrations included the display of Codex Vaticanus Reginensis latinus 124, an extremely rare loan by the Vatican to Mainz of a spectacular manuscript containing ''De laudibus sanctae crucis''. The anniversary also saw the publication of no fewer than three book-length studies of Maurus and his work.

Marcomannic runes

A runic alphabet recorded in a treatise called ''De Inventione Litterarum'' has been ascribed to Rabanus. It consisted of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo-Saxon runes and is preserved in 8th and 9th-century manuscripts mainly from the southern part of the Carolingian Empire ( Alemannia, Bavaria). The manuscript text attributes the runes to the ''Marcomanni, quos nos Nordmannos vocamus'' (and hence traditionally, the alphabet is called "Marcomannic runes") but it has no connection with the Marcomanni, and rather is an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabet with runic equivalents.

Wilhelm Grimm discussed these runes in 1821..

Bibliography

The first nominally complete edition of the works of Hrabanus Maurus was that of Georges Colvener (Cologne, 6 vols. fol., 1627). The ''Opera omnia'' form vols. cvii–cxii of Migne's '' Patrologiae cursus completus'' (1852). The ''De universo'' is the subject of ''Compendium der Naturwissenschaften an der Schule zu Fulda im IX. Jahrhundert'' (Berlin, 1880).

Recent critical editions and translations are available of some of his works:

* ''De sermonum proprietate sive Opus de universo'', ed. and tr. by Priscilla Throop, ''Hrabanus Maurus: De Universo: the peculiar properties of words and their mystical significance'', 2 vols. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2009.
* ''Expositio in Matthaeum'', edited by B. Löfstedt, 2 vols. Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis 174-174A. Turnhout: Brepols, 2000.
* ''In honorem sanctae crucis'', edited by M. Perrin, 2 vols. Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis 100-100A. Turnhout: Brepols, 1997.
*''De magicis artibus,'' partial English translation in ''European Magic and Witchcraft: a reader'', tr. Martha Rampton, 2018, pp. 143-145
* ''Martyrologium. Liber de computo'', edited by J. McCulloh and W. Stevens, Corpus Christianorum, continuatio mediaevalis 44. Turnhout: Brepols, 1997.
* ''Hrabanus Maurus: De institutione clericorum; Studien und Edition'', Freiburger Beitraege zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte 7. Frankfurt am Main: 1996. An edition (with German translation?) of the ''De Institutione Clericorum'' is listed as "in preparation" by Brepols. An English translation by Owen M. Phelan, ''On the Formation of Clergy'', was published by Catholic University of America Press, 2023.

German publications on the occasion of the 1150th anniversary of his death:
*Hans-Jürgen Kotzur, ed., ''Rabanus Maurus: Auf den Spuren eines karolingischen Gelehrten''. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2006. . 120 pages, 85 illustrations, including Maurus's cross poems and their transcriptions and partial translations.
*Stephanie Haarländer, ''Rabanus Maurus zum Kennenlernen: Ein Lesebuch mit einer Einführung in sein Leben und Werk''. Publikationen Bistum Mainz. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgeselschaft, 2006. . 184 pages, many illustrations. Collection of texts by Maurus translated into German, with extensive introduction to Maurus's life and work.
*Franz J. Felten, ed., ''Hrabanus Maurus: Gelehrter, Abt von Fulda und Erzbischof von Mainz''. Mainz: Publikationen Bistum Mainz, 2006. . 196 pages, 4 illustrations. Collection of historical essays.

See also:
* Raymund Kottje, ''Verzeichnis der Handschriften mit den Werken des Hrabanus Maurus'' 'Index of Manuscripts with the Works of Hrabanus Maurus'' Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2012. .
* William Schipper, "'Unpublished' Commentaries by Hrabanus Maurus," ''The Journal of Medieval Latin'' 27(2017), pp. 223-301.

References

Sources

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* Migne, Jacques Paul (orig. 1852)
''Opera Omnia''
''Patrologia Latina'' with analytical indexes.

Further reading

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External links

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''Veni Creator Spiritus'' (with phonetic pronunciation)

''Come Holy Ghost, Creator Blest''
Ann Blyth

Pope Benedict XVI, "Rabanus Maurus", General Audience June 3, 2009
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabanus Maurus

780s births
856 deaths
German Roman Catholic saints
Archbishops of Mainz
Abbots of Fulda
Frankish Benedictines
9th-century writers in Latin
Medieval Latin-language poets
Grammarians of Latin
Medieval linguists
Bishops in the Carolingian Empire
9th-century archbishops
9th-century Christian theologians
Benedictine bishops
Benedictine theologians
Benedictine writers
Bible commentators
Writers from the Carolingian Empire
German Roman Catholic hymnwriters
German encyclopedists
Carolingian poets
Medieval German theologians
Medieval military writers
People from the Rheingau
9th-century Christian saints
German bishops
German Benedictines
9th-century German poets
9th-century German writers
Frankish saints
Carolingian Latin literature
Carolingian art
Medieval German saints
9th-century musicians