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HaydarpaÅŸa station () is a railway station in
Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
, that was, until 2012 the main city terminal for trains travelling to and from the Anatolian side of Turkey. It used to be
Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
's busiest railway station. (Its counterpart on the European side of the city was
Sirkeci station Sirkeci railway station (), listed on maps as Istanbul railway station (), is a railway terminal in Istanbul, Turkey. The terminal is located in Sirkeci, on the tip of Istanbul's historic peninsula, right next to the Golden Horn and just north ...
which served train services to and from the Thracian side of the country.) The station building still houses the headquarters for
District 1 District 1 may refer to: Places * I District, Turku, in Finland * District 1, Düsseldorf, a district in Düsseldorf, Germany * Sector 1 (Bucharest), also known as District 1, in Bucharest, Romania * District I, Budapest in Budapest, Hungary * Dis ...
of the State Railways but since a fire in 2010 the station has not been in use and its future remains uncertain. HaydarpaÅŸa stands on an embankment over the Bosphorus just south of the
Port of HaydarpaÅŸa The Port of HaydarpaÅŸa, also known as the Port of Haidar Pasha () or the Port of Istanbul, is a general cargo seaport, ro-ro and container terminal, situated in HaydarpaÅŸa, Istanbul, Turkey at the southern entrance to the Bosphorus, near Hayd ...
(one of the main
container terminal A container port, container terminal, or intermodal terminal is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles, for onward transportation. The transshipment may be between container ships and land v ...
s in Turkey) and is slightly north of busy
Kadıköy Kadıköy () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district on the Asian side of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 25 km2, and its population is 467,919 (2023). It is a large and populous area in the Asian si ...
. Until the rail service was suspended, ferry services connected it to
Eminönü Eminönü, historically known as Pérama, is a predominantly commercial waterfront area of Istanbul within the Fatih district near the confluence of the Golden Horn with the southern entrance of the Bosphorus strait and the Sea of Marmara. It is l ...
,
Karaköy Karaköy (), the modern name for the old Galata, is a commercial quarter in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey, located at the northern part of the Golden Horn mouth on the European side of Bosphorus. Karaköy is one of the oldest and mo ...
and
Kadıköy Kadıköy () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district on the Asian side of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 25 km2, and its population is 467,919 (2023). It is a large and populous area in the Asian si ...
. The closure of the station has been very controversial and a group known as the HaydarpaÅŸa Solidarity Group () has staged regular protest
sit-in A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to mo ...
s in front of it amid fears that the station and port would be sold; a plan involving seven skyscrapers provoked especially strong adverse reaction. In December 2015, the reintegration of HaydarpaÅŸa station into the Marmaray network was theoretically approved along with the restoration and rehabilitation of the station building and platforms. However, in 2022 its future still remained unclear.


History


Ottoman era (1872–1922)

In 1871
Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...
Abdülaziz Abdulaziz (; ; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was 1876 Ottoman coup d'état, overthrown in a government coup. He was a son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother ...
ordered the first railway line to be built from
Haydarpaşa Haydarpaşa is a locality within the Kadıköy and Üsküdar districts on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey. Haydarpaşa is named after Ottoman Vizier Haydar Pasha. The place, on the coast of Sea of Marmara, borders to Harem in the northwest and ...
in Istanbul to
İzmit İzmit () is a municipality and the capital Districts of Turkey, district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 480 km2, and its population is 376,056 (2022). The capital of Kocaeli Province, it is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea ...
.CFOA History
- Trains and Railways of Turkey
HaydarpaÅŸa station opened in 1872, by which time the railway extended as far as
Gebze Gebze (), formerly known as Libyssa, is a municipality and district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 418 km2, and its population is 407,019 (2022). It is situated 65 km (30 mi) southeast of Istanbul, on the Gulf of Izmit, ...
. In 1888 the
Anatolian Railway The Chemins de Fer Ottomans d'Anatolie (, ), founded on 4 October 1888, was a railway company that operated in the Ottoman Empire.Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie The Chemins de Fer Ottomans d'Anatolie (, ), founded on 4 October 1888, was a railway company that operated in the Ottoman Empire.ships A ship is a large vessel that travels the world's oceans and other navigable waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, ...
. Haydarpaşa station saw its first regular passenger service - daily train from Haydarpaşa to İzmit - in 1890. In 1892 the CFOA laid a line to
Ankara Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center ( ...
and shortly afterwards a daily train started to run between the two cities. HaydarpaÅŸa was chosen as the northern terminus for the
Baghdad Railway Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...
and the Hejaz Railway in 1904, and, with rail traffic increasing, a larger building was required. The Anatolian Railway hired two German architects, Otto Ritter and Helmut Conu, to build the new building. They chose a Neo-classical design and construction started in 1906. Its foundation is based on 1100 wooden piles, each long, driven into the soft shore by a steam hammer. German and
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
stonemason Stonemasonry or stonecraft is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary material. Stonemasonry is the craft of shaping and arranging stones, often together with mortar and even the ancient lime mortar ...
s crafted the decoration of the exterior. The work was completed on land reclaimed from the sea on 19 August 1909 and the new terminal was inaugurated on 4 November 1909 for the birthday of
Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd (; or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the penultimate List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918. Mehmed V reigned as a Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarch. He had ...
. While the work was in progress the community of German engineers and craftsmen established a small German neighbourhood with its own school in the YeldeÄŸirmeni quarter of
Kadıköy Kadıköy () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district on the Asian side of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 25 km2, and its population is 467,919 (2023). It is a large and populous area in the Asian si ...
.
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
broke out in 1914 and the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
sided with the
Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,; ; , ; were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918). It consisted of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulga ...
against the Allied Powers. When the Ottomans lost İstanbul was taken over by the
British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...
and HaydarpaÅŸa fell under British military control during the occupation. In 1917 the architect
Vedat Tek Mehmet Vedat Tek (; 1873 – 1942) was a Turkish architect. The last court architect of the Ottoman Empire, Vedat Tek was one of two leading figures of the First Turkish National Architectural Movement, alongside Mimar Kemaleddin. Early life a ...
designed the pretty terminal decorated with Kütahya tiles where ferries used to deposit would-be train passengers in front of the station.


Republican era (1923–present)

The
Turkish Independence War , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...
ended on 29 October 1923 with the British withdrawal from Istanbul and the formation of the
Republic of Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
. HaydarpaÅŸa terminal was still under CFOA control but in 1927 the newly formed
Turkish State Railways The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (), abbreviated as TCDD, is a government-owned national railway company responsible for the ownership and maintenance of railways in Turkey, as well as the planning and construction of new lines. TCDD ...
(TCDD) took over the CFOA and the terminal as part of the process of nationalising all the Turkish railways.TCDD History
- Trains and Railways of Turkey
In 1927 the
CIWL (; ) is a Belgian-founded French company known for providing and operating luxury trains with sleepers and dining cars during the late 19th and the 20th centuries, most notably the ''Orient Express''. Founded by Georges Nagelmackers in 1872, CI ...
started a premier train service, the all-sleeper
Anatolian Express The Anatolian Express (, ) was one of the four direct train services operating between Istanbul and Ankara. The train was an overnight train consisting of eight sleeping cars and one dining car. The train was the first non-international train to co ...
, that travelled daily between HaydarpaÅŸa and Ankara. In 1938 the
Eastern Express The Eastern Express () is an overnight passenger train operated by TCDD Taşımacılık. The train runs from Ankara to Kars. The train was the first overnight service east of Ankara. The Eastern Express stops in 7 provincial capitals: Ankara, K� ...
started running from HaydarpaÅŸa to the eastern Turkish city of
Kars Kars ( or ; ; ) is a city in northeast Turkey. It is the seat of Kars Province and Kars District.� ...
, a distance of . The famous Taurus Express from HaydarpaÅŸa to
Baghdad Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...
, a distance of , entered service in 1940. In 1965 the Trans-Asia Express began running from HaydarpaÅŸa to
Tehran Tehran (; , ''Tehrân'') is the capital and largest city of Iran. It is the capital of Tehran province, and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District (Tehran County), Central District. With a population of around 9. ...
, a distance of . In 1969 the tracks from HaydarpaÅŸa to
Gebze Gebze (), formerly known as Libyssa, is a municipality and district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 418 km2, and its population is 407,019 (2022). It is situated 65 km (30 mi) southeast of Istanbul, on the Gulf of Izmit, ...
were electrified with
25 kV AC Railway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at are used worldwide, especially for high-speed rail. It is usually supplied at the standard utility frequency (typically 50 or 60Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The dev ...
catenary In physics and geometry, a catenary ( , ) is the curve that an idealized hanging chain or wire rope, cable assumes under its own weight when supported only at its ends in a uniform gravitational field. The catenary curve has a U-like shape, ...
for the HaydarpaÅŸa-Gebze commuter line. In 1979 a tanker burning on the Bosphorus damaged the terminal building, but it was restored a few months later. On 28 November 2010 a fire caused by carelessness during restoration work destroyed the station's roof and the 4th floor. Three people were sentenced to ten months in prison for "recklessly causing the fire". In 2011 the
World Monuments Fund World Monuments Fund (WMF) is a private, international, non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of historic architecture and cultural heritage sites around the world through fieldwork, advocacy, grantmaking, education, and training ...
, the New York-based heritage preservation organisation, placed the railway terminal on its 2012 Watch, drawing attention to its uncertain future. In November 2012 the station hosted a three-day art exhibition entitled ''Haydarpasa: Past, Present and Uncertain Future'', which was organised in collaboration with the WMF, and featured Canadian and Turkish artists and photographers seeking to raise international interest in preserving the station as a transportation hub. On 2 February 2012 Haydarpaşa Station closed to long-distance trains to allow for the construction of the Istanbul–Ankara high-speed railway and the
Marmaray Marmaray () is a commuter rail line located in Istanbul, Turkey. The line runs from Halkalı, on the European side, to Gebze, on the Asian side, along the north shore of the Sea of Marmara. Mostly using the right-of-way of two existing com ...
which now connects Istanbul's Asian and European sides, halting train services between Istanbul and the Anatolian region of Turkey). Although work on the Marmaray has now been completed along with high-speed train services to
Ankara Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center ( ...
,
Konya Konya is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium. In 19th-century accounts of the city in En ...
and EskiÅŸehir, these now leave from stations other than HaydarpaÅŸa which remained closed and under restoration in 2022.


Archaeological excavations

In 2018, remains of a
Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...
coastal town were uncovered during restoration work on the station. The excavations also unearthed a Byzantine-era fountain, a large fortification wall and a ceramic brick
kiln A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or Chemical Changes, chemical changes. Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects m ...
.Intact skeleton found in HaydarpaÅŸa train station excavations
/ref> Dozens of graves were also discovered; in October 2018, archaeologists found an intact skeleton wearing a scented necklace. Jewellery and coins dating back to between 610-641 and 527-565 AD were also found. A podium made of sheared rectangular blocks found between the railway platforms is believed to date back to the
Hellenistic era In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Greek history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roma ...
.


Restoration

Following the devastating fire in November 2010 that destroyed the station’s timber roof, towers and upper floor, a comprehensive restoration project was initiated. One of the most important symbols of the Haydarpaşa Train Station Building is the towers located in the northwest and southeast. The explosion in 1917-1918 caused significant changes in the original structure of the towers and their height was reduced. In the fire in 2010, the tower located in the southeast direction heavily damaged by the fire, and its wooden cladding, carriers and lead cladding were burned. The coatings on the iron supports were removed and the rotten iron support elements were replaced. Those that were not rotten were repaired by sandblasting and repainting. After the iron frames were completed, the rotten wooden elements were replaced with materials that were compatible with the original, and those that could be preserved were preserved by maintenance and repair. After the towers' load-bearing elements were repaired and completed, water and heat insulation was applied and the top cover was made. In the tower section, load-bearing steel, wooden beams and rafters and wooden cladding, moisture barrier, heat insulation, water insulation, wooden cladding again and slate coating on the waterproofing were applied. The station’s original roof structure, historically built with baroque-influenced timber trusses, was reconstructed. Stone façades were treated with low-pressure micro-abrasion cleaning, followed by desalination procedures to address extensive salt crystallization due to proximity to the sea. Damaged joints were repointed with traditional lime mortar.


Historic monuments in the vicinity of the station

The small
Haydarpaşa Cemetery Haydarpaşa Cemetery, also known as Haidar Pasha Cemetery, Istanbul, (), located in the Haydarpaşa neighborhood of Üsküdar district in the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey, is a burial ground established initially for British military personn ...
is dedicated to the British and
Commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the 15th century. Originally a phrase (the common-wealth ...
soldiers who lost their lives during the
Crimean War The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont fro ...
(1854–1856) and the two World Wars. It also contains the graves of members of the Levantine community who used to live in
Kadıköy Kadıköy () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district on the Asian side of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 25 km2, and its population is 467,919 (2023). It is a large and populous area in the Asian si ...
and Moda. The north-west wing of the 19th-century
Selimiye Barracks Selimiye Barracks (), also known as Scutari Barracks, is a Turkish Army barracks located in Selimiye in the Üsküdar district on the Asian side of Istanbul, Turkey. It was originally built in 1800 by Sultan Selim III for the soldiers of the ...
was transformed into a military hospital during the Crimean War and became the place where the nursing pioneer
Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English Reform movement, social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during th ...
cared for wounded and infected
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...
soldiers. Her room is maintained in a small museum which also contains other items dating from the Crimean War. Permission from the military is required before visiting the museum. The buildings of the HaydarpaÅŸa Numune Hospital, GATA Military Hospital, Dr. Siyami Ersek Hospital and the present-day HaydarpaÅŸa Campus of the
Marmara University Marmara University (Turkish language, Turkish: ''Marmara Üniversitesi'') is a Public university, public research university in Istanbul, Turkey. The university, named after the Sea of Marmara, was founded as a university in 1982. However, its ...
designed by architects
Alexander Vallaury Alexandre Vallaury (1850–1921) was a French- Ottoman architect who established architectural education in the Ottoman Empire at the School of Fine Arts in Constantinople. Nicknamed "architect of the city" () by Osman Hamdi Bey, Vallaury, alon ...
and
Raimondo D'Aronco Raimondo Tommaso D’Aronco (1857–1932) was an Italian architect renowned for his building designs in the style of Art Nouveau. He was the chief palace architect to the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II in Istanbul for 16 years. Early years D� ...
are also near the station.


See also

*
Baghdad Railway Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...
* Hejaz Railway * Istanbul Sirkeci Terminal, the other major train terminal of Istanbul on the European side * List of train stations in Turkey *
Public transport in Istanbul Public transport in Istanbul comprises a bus network, various Rail transport, rail systems, funiculars, and sea, maritime services to serve the more than 15 million inhabitants of the city spread over an area of . History Public road transpor ...


References


External links


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Haydarpasa Terminal Historic sites in Turkey Transport in Kadıköy Ottoman railways Railway stations in Istanbul Province Railway stations in Turkey opened in 1872 Railway stations in Turkey closed in 2013 Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey Railway stations in Turkey opened in 1917