, also known as Hayashi Nobutatsu, was a Japanese

Neo-Confucian Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a Morality, moral, Ethics, ethical, and metaphysics, metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, which originated with Han Yu (768� ...

scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the

Edo period The , also known as the , is the period between 1600 or 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when the country was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and some 300 regional ''daimyo'', or feudal lords. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengok ...

. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars. Hōkō was the tutor of Tokugawa Tsuneyoshi.Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 300. Following in the footsteps of his father,

Hayashi Gahō , also known as Hayashi Shunsai, 林春斎, , was a Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher and writer in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian ...

, and his grandfather,

Hayashi Razan , also known as Hayashi Dōshun, was a Japanese historian, philosopher, political consultant, and writer, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four ''shōguns'' of the Tokugawa ''bakufu''. He is also attributed with first listing the ...

, Hōkō would be the arbiter of official neo-Confucian doctrine of the Tokugawa shogunate. As a result of his urging, the shōgun invested Confucian scholars as samurai.

Academician

Hōkō was the third Hayashi clan ''Daigaku-no-kami'' of the Edo period. After 1691, Hōkō is known as the first official rector of the Shōhei-kō (afterwards known as the

Yushima Seidō , is a Confucian temple () in Yushima, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was established in end of the 17th century during the Genroku era of the Edo period. Towards the late Edo period, one of the most important educational institutions of the sh ...

) which was built on land provided by the shōgun. This institution stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained by the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars ...

. Gahō's hereditary title was ''

Daigaku-no-kami was a Japanese Imperial court position and the title of the chief education expert in the rigid court hierarchy. The Imperial ''Daigaku-no-kami'' predates the Heian period; and the court position continued up through the early Meiji period. The ...

,'' which, in the context of the Tokugawa shogunate hierarchy, effectively translates as "head of the state university". The scholars of the Hayashi school were taught to apply what they had learned from a Confucian curriculum. Typically, they applied the Confucian texts conservatively, relying on Soong Confucian anlayis and metaphysical teachings.Arakai, James ''et al.'' (2008)
''Early Modern Japanese Literature: an Anthology, 1600-1900,'' p. 378 n12.
/ref> The neo-Confucianist scholar

Arai Hakuseki was a Confucianist, scholar-bureaucrat, academic, administrator, writer and politician in Japan during the middle of the Edo period, who advised the ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ienobu. His personal name was Kinmi or Kimiyoshi (君美). Hakuseki (白� ...

generally expressed scant regard for opinions expressed by Hayashi Hōkō.

Selected works

* ''Kai hentai'' (''Chinese Metamorphosis''), reports of Chinese junks arriving in Nagasaki, 1640–1740.Tarling, Nicholas. (1998)
''The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia,'' Vol. 1, p. 161.
/ref>

Notes

References

* Arakai, James T. and Haruo Shirane. (2008). ''Early Modern Japanese Literature: an Anthology, 1600–1900'' (abridged). New York:

Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's la ...

. ///
OCLC 255022419
* De Bary, William Theodore,

Carol Gluck Carol Gluck (born November 12, 1941) is an American academic and historian of Japan. She is the George Sansom Professor Emerita of History at Columbia University and served as the president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1996. Career Gl ...

, Arthur E. Tiedemann. (2005). ''Sources of Japanese Tradition,'' Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press.
OCLC 255020415
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is an academic publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. Its director since 2017 is George Andreou. The pres ...

.
OCLC 48943301
* Tarling, Nicholas. (1998). ''The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia.'' Vol. 1. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...

. ; ; ; ;
OCLC 43674066

External links

Tokyo's ''Shōhei-kō'' (Yushima Sedō) today
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayashi, Hōkō Writers of the Edo period Advisors to Tokugawa shoguns 17th-century Japanese philosophers Japanese Confucianists 1644 births 1732 deaths Neo-Confucian scholars 18th-century Confucianists 18th-century Japanese philosophers 17th-century Confucianists

Academician

Selected works

See also

Notes

References

External links