
Hawks are
birds of prey
Birds of prey or predatory birds, also known as raptors, are hypercarnivorous bird species that actively hunt and feed on other vertebrates (mainly mammals, reptiles and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predato ...
of the family
Accipitridae. They are widely distributed and are found on all continents except Antarctica.
* The
subfamily Accipitrinae includes
goshawks,
sparrowhawks,
sharp-shinned hawks and others. This subfamily are mainly woodland birds with long tails and high visual acuity. They hunt by dashing suddenly from a concealed perch.
* In
America, members of the ''
Buteo'' group are also called hawks; this group is called
buzzards in other parts of the world. Generally, buteos have broad wings and sturdy builds. They are relatively larger-winged, shorter-tailed and fly further distances in open areas than accipiters. Buteos descend or pounce on their prey rather than hunting in a fast horizontal pursuit.
The terms ''accipitrine hawk'' and ''buteonine hawk'' are used to distinguish between the types in regions where ''hawk'' applies to both. The term ''"true hawk"'' is sometimes used for the accipitrine hawks in regions where ''buzzard'' is preferred for the buteonine hawks.
All these groups are members of the family
Accipitridae, which includes the hawks and buzzards as well as
kite
A kite is a tethered heavier than air flight, heavier-than-air or lighter-than-air craft with wing surfaces that react against the air to create Lift (force), lift and Drag (physics), drag forces. A kite consists of wings, tethers and anchors. ...
s,
harrier
Harrier may refer to:
Animals
* Harrier (bird), several species of birds
* Harrier (dog)
Media
* Harrier Comics, a defunct British publisher
* Space Harrier, a video game series
Military
* Harrier jump jet, an overview of the Harrier family: ...
s and
eagle
Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. Most of the 68 species of eagle are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, j ...
s. To confuse things further, some authors use "hawk" generally for any small to medium
Accipitrid that is not an eagle.
[ Debus writes that the osprey is "a large aquatic hawk, with adaptations for catching fish by plunge-diving into water"; the elanid kites are "small, gull-like, grey-and-white hawks with black forewing patches"; and, of the harriers, that the "hawks in this cosmopolitan genus ('circling hawk') are so-called because of their low harrying flight". But he refers to the "typical or milvine kites" as "large kites", not hawks.]

The common names of some birds include the term "hawk", reflecting traditional usage rather than taxonomy. For example, some people may call an
osprey
The osprey (''Pandion haliaetus''), , also called sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor reaching more than in length and across the wings. It is brown o ...
a "
fish hawk" or a
peregrine falcon
The peregrine falcon (''Falco peregrinus''), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a cosmopolitan bird of prey ( raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey ...
a "
duck hawk".
History
Falconry was once called "hawking" and any bird used for falconry could be referred to as a hawk.
Aristotle listed eleven types of (''hierakes'', hawks, singular ''hierax''): aisalōn (merlin), asterias, hypotriorchēs, kirkos, leios, perkos, phassophonos, phrynologos, pternis, spizias, and triorchēs. Pliny numbered sixteen kinds of hawks, but named only aigithos, epileios, kenchrēïs (kestrel), kybindis, and triorchēs (buzzard).
Groups
''Accipiter'' group
The accipitrine hawks generally hunt birds as their primary prey. They are also called "hen-hawks", or "wood-hawks" because of their
woodland
A woodland () is, in the broad sense, land covered with trees, or in a narrow sense, synonymous with wood (or in the U.S., the '' plurale tantum'' woods), a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade (see ...
habitat
In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...
.
The
subfamily Accipitrinae contains ''
Accipiter;'' it also contains
genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...
''
Micronisus'' (Gabar goshawk), ''
Urotriorchis'' (long-tailed hawk), and ''
Megatriorchis
Doria's goshawk or Doria's hawk, (''Megatriorchis doriae'') is a raptor, the only member of the genus ''Megatriorchis''.
Description
At up to 69 cm long, it is among the biggest hawks in the broad sense. It is greyish-brown with a black-bar ...
'' (Doria's goshawk). ''
Melierax'' (chanting goshawks) may be included in the subfamily, or given a subfamily of its own.
''
Erythrotriorchis'' (the red and chestnut-shouldered goshawks) is traditionally included in Accipitridae, but is possibly a convergent genus from an unrelated group (see
red goshawk taxonomy).
''Buteo'' group
The "
''Buteo'' group" includes genera ''
Buteo'', ''
Parabuteo
''Parabuteo'' is a genus of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae
The Accipitridae is one of the three families within the order Accipitriformes, and is a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology ba ...
'', ''
Geranoetus'', and most of ''
Leucopternis''. Members of this group have also been called "hawk-buzzards".
Proposed new genera ''Morphnarchus'', ''Rupornis'', and ''Pseudastur'' are formed from members of ''Buteo'' and ''Leucopternis''.
The "''
Buteogallus'' group" are also called hawks, with the exception of the solitary eagles. ''Buteo'' is the type genus of the subfamily Buteoninae. Traditionally this subfamily also includes eagles and sea-eagles. Lerner and Mindell (2005) proposed placing those into separate subfamilies (Aquilinae, Haliaaetinae), leaving only the buteonine hawks/buzzards in Buteoninae.
Characteristics
Intelligence
In February 2005, Canadian
ornithologist Louis Lefebvre announced a method of measuring avian "
IQ" by measuring their innovation in feeding habits. Based on this scale, hawks were named among the most intelligent birds.
The hawk is very intelligent towards humans and other hawks.
Eyesight
Hawks, like most birds, are
tetrachromats having four types of colour receptors in the eye. These give hawks the ability to perceive not only the visible range but also
ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency around 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiati ...
light. Other adaptations allow for the detection of polarised light or magnetic fields. This is due to the large number of
photoreceptors in the
retina
The retina (from la, rete "net") is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then ...
(up to 1,000,000 per square mm in ''Buteo'', compared to 200,000 in
humans
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...
), a high number of
nerves connecting these receptors to the brain, and an indented
fovea
Fovea () (Latin for "pit"; plural foveae ) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a pit or depression in a structure.
Human anatomy
* Fovea centralis of the retina
* Fovea buccalis or Dimple
* Fovea of the femoral head
*Trochlear fovea of the f ...
, which magnifies the central portion of the
visual field
The visual field is the "spatial array of visual sensations available to observation in introspectionist psychological experiments". Or simply, visual field can be defined as the entire area that can be seen when an eye is fixed straight at a point ...
.
Migration
Like most birds, the hawk migrates in the autumn and the spring. Different types of hawks choose separate times in each season to migrate. The autumn migrating season begins in August and ends mid-December. It has been studied that there are longer migration distances than others. The long-distance travelers tend to begin in early autumn while the short distance travelers start much later. Thus, the longer the distance the earlier the bird begins its journey. There have been studies on the speed and efficiency of the bird's migration that show that it is better for a hawk to arrive at its destination as early as possible.
This is because the first bird that arrives has the first pick of mates, living area, food, and survival necessities. The more fat a bird has when it starts its migration, the better chance it has of making the trip safely. Kerlinger states that studies have shown that a bird has more body fat when it begins its migration, before it leaves, than when has arrived at its destination.
One of the most important parts of the hawk's migration is the flight direction because the direction or path the bird chooses to take could greatly affect its migration. The force of wind is a variable because it could either throw the bird off course or push it in the right direction, depending on the direction of the wind.
To ensure a safer journey, a hawk tries to avoid any large bodies of water in the spring and fall by detouring around a lake or flying along a border.
Hawkwatching is a citizen scientist activity that monitors hawk migration and provides data to the scientific community.
Habitat and distribution
The
red-tailed hawk is the most common hawk in
North America. Past observations have indicated that while hawks can easily adapt to any surrounding, hawks prefer a habitat that is open. Hawks usually like to live in places like deserts and fields, likely as it is easier to find prey. As they are able to live anywhere, they can be found in mountainous plains and tropical, moist areas. Hawks have been found in places such as
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
, the
West Indies
The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Great ...
, and
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of Hispan ...
.
Behavior
Starting in the hawk's early life, it is fed by its parents until it leaves the nest.
The young hawk, while still in its fledgling phase, will leave its nest as early as six weeks old. Once the bird is older it begins to hunt. The hawk kills its prey with its talons as opposed to other
predator
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill ...
birds
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
, such as the
falcon
Falcons () are birds of prey in the genus ''Falco'', which includes about 40 species. Falcons are widely distributed on all continents of the world except Antarctica, though closely related raptors did occur there in the Eocene.
Adult falcons ...
. The falcon uses its talons to catch the prey but kills the small animal with its beak instead of its talons. The hawk's preferred time for hunting is usually just before nightfall when daylight lessens.
Although the hawk is known for being a violent