Harivaṃśa

The ''Harivamsa'' (, ) is an important work of Sanskrit literature, containing 16,374 shlokas, mostly in the '' anustubh'' metre. The text is also known as the ''Harivamsa Purana.'' This text is believed to be a ''khila'' (appendix or supplement) to the ''Mahabharata''The Mahabharata in Sanskrit: Book I: Chapter 2
in sacred-texts.com website, (MBh.1.2.69): "hari vaṃśas tataḥ parva purāṇaṃ khila saṃjñitam bhaviṣyat parva cāpy uktaṃ khileṣv evādbhutaṃ mahat." Hari Vamsa Purana known as Khila (supplement) and Bhavishya Parva also spoken as Khila are wonderful and great" and is traditionally ascribed to Vyasa. The most celebrated commentary of the ''Mahabharata'' by Neelakantha Chaturdhara, the ''Bharata Bhava Deepa'' also covers the ''Harivamsa''. According to a traditional version of the ''Mahabharata'', the ''Harivamsa'' is divided into two ''parvas'' (books) and 12,000 verses. Datta, Manmathanatha, anmatha Nath Dutt (1895)
A prose English translation of the Mahabharata (tr. literally from the original Sanskrit text)
Adi Parva, Mahabharata 1.2.377-378, Printed by H.C. Dass, Calcutta, p. 21: "There are Harivansa and Vavisya in its appendix. The number of slokas composed by the great Rishi in the Harivansa, is twelve thousand. These are the contents of the chapters called Parva Sangraha in the Bharata." These are included with the eighteen ''parvas'' of the ''Mahabharata''. The Critical Edition has three ''parvas'' and 5,965 verses.

The Adi Parva of Harivamsa describes the creation of the cosmos and the legendary history of the kings of the Solar and Lunar dynasties leading up to the birth of Krishna. Vishnu Parva recounts the history of Krishna up to the events prior to the ''Mahabharata''.Maurice Winternitz (1981), History of Indian Literature, Vol. 1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 426-431 Bhavishya Parva, the third book, includes two alternate creation theories, hymns to Shiva and Vishnu and provides a description of the Kali Yuga. While the ''Harivamsa'' has been regarded as an important source of information on the origin of Vishnu's incarnation Krishna, there has been speculation as to whether this text was derived from an earlier text and what its relationship is to the Brahma Purana, another text that deals with the origins of Krishna.

Chronology

The bulk of the text is derived from two traditions, the tradition, that is, the five marks of the Purana corpus one of which is the ' genealogy, and stories about the life of Krishna as a herdsman.

The text is complex, containing layers that go back to the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE.

Probably there was an oral previous version because later in time, the text was enlarged by additions and was matched in style to the Mahabharata.

The origin of this appendix is not precisely known but it is apparent that it was a part of the ''Mahabharata'' by the 1st century CE because "the poet Ashvaghosha quotes a couple of verses, attributing them to the ''Mahabharata'', which are now only found in the ''Harivamsa''."

Sivaprasad Bhattacharyya, also considered that Ashvaghosha referred to the Harivamsa, and found internal and external evidence that it was an authoritative text by the first century CE and that its later redaction took place around the end of the second or beginning of the third century CE.

Edward Washburn Hopkins considered the ''Mahabharata'' increased by the addition of the ''Harivamsa'' c. 200 CE, but also the possible existence of Harivamsa as part of the around hundred thousand verses within the Mahabharata as it can be attested in the Southern recension of the latter.

R. C. Hazra has dated the Purana to the 4th century CE on the basis of the description of the rasa lila in it, as according to him, the ''Visnu Purana'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana'' belong to the 5th century CE and 6th century CE respectively. According to Dikshit, the date of the ''Matsya Purana'' is 3rd century CE. When we compare the biography of Krishna, the account of Raji, and some other episodes as depicted in the , it appears to be anterior to the former. Therefore, the and the can be dated to at least the 3rd century CE.

J. L. Masson and D. H. H. Ingalls regard the language of Harivamsa not later than 2nd or 3rd century CE and possibly from the 1st century CE; and André Couture that Mathura's description in Harivamsa is similar to cities of Kushana period (1st to mid-3rd century CE).

By its style and contents, the appears to be anterior to the and . The verses quoted by Asvaghosa belong to this parva. On this basis, we can safely assume the (except for the later interpolations) to be at least as old as the 1st century CE.

Editions

The is available in three editions. The vulgate text of the has total 271 s (chapters), divided into three ''parvas'', (55 chapters), (81 chapters) and (135 chapters). The traditional edition contains 12000 shlokas (verses) 2 sub-parvas, the Harivamsa Parva (187 chapters) and the Bhavishya Parva (48 chapters) with a total of 235 chapters. The Critical Edition or CE (1969–71, Ed. P.L. Vaidya), estimated to be c. 300 Common Era by Vaidya, is around a third (118 chapters in 6073 slokas) of this vulgate edition. Like the vulgate, the chapters in the CE are divided into three parvas, (chapters 1-45), (chapters 46-113) and (chapters 114 -118). Vaidya suggests that even the CE represents an expanded text and proposes that the oldest form of probably began with chapter 20 (which is where ''Agni Purana'' 12 places its start) and must have ended with chapter 98 of his text.

Translations

The ''Harivamsa'' has been translated in many Indian vernacular languages; The vulgate version containing 3 books and 271 chapters has not been translated into English yet. The only English translation of the traditional version containing 2 sub-parvas—Harivamsa parva (187 chapters) and Bhavishya parva (48 chapters), for a total of 235 chapters—is by Manmatha Nath Dutt in 1897 and it is in the public domain. The critical edition has been translated into English twice so far, once in 2016 by Bibek Debroy and in 2019 by Simon Brodbeck.

It has been translated into French by M. A. Langlois, 1834–35. Translations of the Harivamsa
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See also

* First book of Mahabharata: Adi Parva
* Previous book of Mahabharata: Svargarohana Parva

Notes

References

* Bowker, John, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 410
* Winternitz, Maurice (1981) History of Indian Literature Vol. I. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
* Ruben, Walter (1941) "The Krsnacarita in the Harivamsa and Certain Puranas.” ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''. Vol. 61, No.3. pp. 115–127.
* Lorenz, Ekkehard (2007) ''The Harivamsa: The Dynasty of Krishna'', in Edwin F. Bryant (ed.), Krishna, A Source Book, Oxford University Press.
* Shastri, Rajendra Muni, ''Jaina Sahitya mein Sri Krishna Charita'', Jaipur, Prakrit Bharati Akademi, 1991.

External links

Original Sanskrit text online with English translation
*Manmatha Nath Dutt
Vishnu Purana
English Translation of Book 2 of Harivamsa (1896)
*Alexandre Langlois
Harivansa: ou histoire de la famille de Hari
French Translation of Harivamsa (1834)
Discourse on Harvamsha
by Dr Vyasanakere Prabhanjanacharya

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Hindu texts
Krishna
Mahabharata
Sanskrit texts