Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3. All mtDNA haplogroups considered native outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup M or its sibling haplogroup N. Haplogroup M is relatively young, having a younger most recent common ancestor date than some subclades of haplogroup N such as haplogroup R.

Origins

There is a debate concerning the geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N. Both lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the out of Africa migration (or migrations) because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to haplogroup M or haplogroup N. Scientists are unsure whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N occurred in Africa before the exit from Africa or in Asia after the exit from Africa. Determining the origins of haplogroup M is further complicated by an early back-migration (from Asia to Africa) of bearers of M1. Its date of origin in absolute terms is only known with great uncertainty, as reconstruction has yielded different (but overlapping) ranges for the age of M in South Asia and

East Asia East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of Economy of China, China, Economy of Ja ...

. The same authors give an estimate for t of L3 as , later (2011) narrowed to the somewhat younger . Thus, haplogroup M would have emerged around 10,000 or at most 20,000 years after L3, around or somewhat after the recent out-of-Africa migration event.

Haplogroup M1

Much discussion concerning the origins of haplogroup M has been related to its subclade haplogroup M1, which is the only variant of macro-haplogroup M found in Africa. Two possibilities were being considered as potential explanations for the presence of M1 in Africa: # M was present in the ancient population which later gave rise to both M1 in Africa, and M more generally found in

Eurasia Eurasia ( , ) is a continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some geographers, Physical geography, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents d ...

. # The presence of M1 in Africa is the result of a back-migration from Asia which occurred sometime after the Out of Africa migration.

Haplogroup M23

In 2009, two independent publications reported a rare, deep-rooted subclade of haplogroup M, referred to as M23, that is present in

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

. The origin of M23 is still not clearly understood, a west Eurasian origin had been suggested before. Haplogroup M23 is ancient and found throughout Madagascar. It is suggested to be an Asian component with significant African component. M23 was found only in one individual in Dubai

Asian origin hypothesis

According to this theory, anatomically modern humans carrying ancestral haplogroup L3 lineages were involved in the Out of Africa migration from East Africa into Asia. Somewhere in Asia, the ancestral L3 lineages gave rise to haplogroups M and N. The ancestral L3 lineages were then lost by

genetic drift Genetic drift, also known as random genetic drift, allelic drift or the Wright effect, is the change in the Allele frequency, frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene va ...

as they are infrequent outside Africa. The hypothesis that Asia is the origin of macrohaplogroup M is supported by the following: #The highest frequencies worldwide of macrohaplogroup M are observed in Asia, specifically in the Indian subcontinent, China, Japan and Korea where frequencies range from 60 to 80%. The total frequency of M subclades is even higher in some populations of Siberia or the Americas, but these small populations tend to exhibit strong genetic drift effects, and often their geographical neighbors exhibit very different frequencies. #Deep time depth >50,000 years of western, central, southern and eastern Indian haplogroups M2, M38, M54, M58, M33, M6, M61, M62 and the distribution of macrohaplogroup M, do not rule out the possibility of macrohaplogroup M arising in Indian population. #With the exception of the African specific M1, India has several M lineages that emerged directly from the root of haplogroup M. #Only two subclades of haplogroup M, M1 and M23, are found in Africa, whereas numerous subclades are found outside Africa (with some discussion possible only about sub-clade M1, concerning which see below). #Specifically concerning M1 ::*Haplogroup M1 has a restricted geographic distribution in Africa, being found mainly in North Africans and East Africa at low or moderate frequencies. If M had originated in Africa around, or before, the Out of Africa migration, it would be expected to have a more widespread distribution ::*According to Gonzalez et al. 2007, M1 appears to have expanded relatively recently. In this study M1 had a younger coalescence age than the Asian-exclusive M lineages. ::*The geographic distribution of M1 in Africa is predominantly North African/supra-equatorial and is largely confined to

Afro-Asiatic The Afroasiatic languages (also known as Afro-Asiatic, Afrasian, Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic) are a language family (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of th ...

speakers, which is inconsistent with the Sub-Saharan distribution of sub-clades of haplogroups L3 and L2 that have similar time depths. ::*One of the basal lineages of M1 lineages has been found in Northwest Africa and in the

Near East The Near East () is a transcontinental region around the Eastern Mediterranean encompassing the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and coastal areas of the Arabian Peninsula. The term was invented in the 20th ...

but is absent in East Africa. ::*M1 is not restricted to Africa. It is relatively common in the Mediterranean, peaking in

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, compri ...

. M1 also enjoys a well-established presence in the Middle East, from the south of the Arabian Peninsula to

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

and from the

Levant The Levant ( ) is the subregion that borders the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean sea to the west, and forms the core of West Asia and the political term, Middle East, ''Middle East''. In its narrowest sense, which is in use toda ...

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

. In addition, M1 haplotypes have occasionally been observed in the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

and the Trans Caucasus, and without any accompanying L lineages. M1 has also been detected in

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

, seemingly reaching as far as

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are other ethnic groups s ...

. ::*The fact that the M1 sub-clade of macrohaplogroup M has a coalescence age which overlaps with that of haplogroup U6 (a Eurasian haplogroup whose presence in Africa is due to a back-migration from West Asia) and the distribution of U6 in Africa is also restricted to the same North African and Horn African populations as M1 supports the scenario that M1 and U6 were part of the same population expansion from Asia to Africa. ::*The timing of the proposed migration of M1 and U6-carrying peoples from West Asia to Africa (between 40,000 and 45,000 ybp) is also supported by the fact that it coincides with changes in climatic conditions that reduced the desert areas of North Africa, thereby rendering the region more accessible to entry from the Levant. This climatic change also temporally overlaps with the peopling of Europe by populations bearing haplogroup U5, the European sister clade of haplogroup U6.

African origin hypothesis

According to this theory, haplogroups M and N arose from L3 in an East African population ancestral to eurasians that had been isolated from other African populations before the OOA event. Members of this population were involved in the out Africa migration and may have only carried M and N lineages. With the possible exception of haplogroup M1, all other M and N clades in Africa were lost due to admixture with other African populations and

. The African origin of Haplogroup M is supported by the following arguments and evidence. #L3, the parent clade of haplogroup M, is found throughout Africa, but is rare outside Africa. According to Toomas Kivisild (2003), "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa." #Specifically concerning at least M1a: ::This study provides evidence that M1, or its ancestor, had an Asiatic origin. The earliest M1 expansion into Africa occurred in northwestern instead of northeastern areas; this early spread reached the Iberian Peninsula even affecting the Basques. The majority of the M1a lineages found outside and inside Africa had a more recent eastern Africa origin. Both western and eastern M1 lineages participated in the Neolithic colonization of the Sahara. The striking parallelism between subclade ages and geographic distribution of M1 and its North African U6 counterpart strongly reinforces this scenario. Finally, a relevant fraction of M1a lineages present today in the European Continent and nearby islands possibly had a Jewish instead of the commonly proposed Amazigh maternal ascendance.

Dispersal

Migraciones humanas en haplogrupos mitocondriales

A number of studies have proposed that the ancestors of modern haplogroup M dispersed from Africa through the southern route across the Horn of Africa along the coastal regions of Asia onwards to New Guinea and Australia. These studies suggested that the migrations of haplogroups M and N occurred separately with haplogroup N heading northwards from East Africa to the

. However, the results of numerous recent studies indicate that there was only one migration out of Africa and that haplogroups M and N were part of the same migration. This is based on the analysis of a number of relict populations along the proposed beachcombing route from Africa to Australia, all of which possessed both haplogroups N and M. A 2008 study by Abu-Amero et al., suggests that the

Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (, , or , , ) or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. At , comparable in size to India, the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. Geographically, the ...

may have been the main route out of Africa. However, as the region lacks of autochthonous clades of haplogroups M and N the authors suggest that the area has been a more recent receptor of human migrations than an ancient demographic expansion center along the southern coastal route as proposed under the single migration Out-of-Africa scenario of the African origin hypothesis.

Distribution

M is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia, super-haplogroup M is distributed all over

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

, where it represents 60% of all maternal lineages. All Andamanese belong to Haplogroup M. It peaks in the Malaysian aboriginal Negrito tribes at almost 100% but with mtDNA M21a representing Semang; 84% in Mendriq people, Batek people 48%, (almost all belong to the specific Malaysian Negrito haplogroup M21a, this subclade also found in the

Orang Asli The Orang Asli are a Homogeneity and heterogeneity, heterogeneous Indigenous peoples, indigenous population forming a national minority in Malaysia. They are the oldest inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia. As of 2017, the Orang Asli accounted f ...

21%, Thais 7.8% and Malay 4.6%) It also peaks very high in Japan and

, where it represents on average about 70% of the maternal lineages (160/216 = 74%

, 205/282 = 73% Tōkai, 231/326 = 71% Okinawa, 148/211 = 70% Japanese, 50/72 = 69%

, 150/217 = 69% Hokkaidō, 24/35 = 69% Zhongdian Tibetan, 175/256 = 68% northern Kyūshū, 38/56 = 68%

Qinghai Qinghai is an inland Provinces of China, province in Northwestern China. It is the largest provinces of China, province of China (excluding autonomous regions) by area and has the third smallest population. Its capital and largest city is Xin ...

Tibetan, 16/24 = 67% Diqing Tibetan, 66/100 = 66% Miyazaki, 33/51 = 65% Ainu, 214/336 = 64% Tōhoku, 75/118 = 64%

Tokyo Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...

(JPT)) and is ubiquitous in India and

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...

, where it has approximately 60% frequency. Among

Chinese people The Chinese people, or simply Chinese, are people or ethnic groups identified with Greater China, China, usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, or other affiliation. Chinese people are known as Zhongguoren () or as Huaren () by ...

both inside and outside of China, haplogroup M accounts for approximately 50% of all mtDNA on average, but the frequency varies from approximately 40% in Hans from

Hunan Hunan is an inland Provinces of China, province in Central China. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the Administrative divisions of China, province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Gu ...

and

Fujian Fujian is a provinces of China, province in East China, southeastern China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefe ...

in southern China to approximately 60% in

Shenyang Shenyang,; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ; formerly known as Fengtian formerly known by its Manchu language, Manchu name Mukden, is a sub-provincial city in China and the list of capitals in China#Province capitals, provincial capital of Liaonin ...

Liaoning ) , image_skyline = , image_alt = , image_caption = Clockwise: Mukden Palace in Shenyang, Xinghai Square in Dalian, Dalian coast, Yalu River at Dandong , image_map = Liaoning in China (+all claims hatched).svg , ...

in northeastern China. Haplogroup M accounts for approximately 42% of all mtDNA in

Filipinos Filipinos () are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines. Filipinos come from various Austronesian peoples, all typically speaking Filipino language, Filipino, Philippine English, English, or other Philippine language ...

, among whom it is represented mainly by M7c3c and E. In Vietnam, haplogroup M has been found in 37% (52/139) to 48% (20/42) of samples of Vietnamese and in 32% (54/168) of a sample of Chams from Bình Thuận Province. Haplogroup M accounts for 43% (92/214) of all mtDNA in a sample of Laotians, with its subclade M7 (M7b, M7c, and M7e) alone accounting for a full third of all haplogroup M, or 14.5% (31/214) of the total sample. In

Oceania Oceania ( , ) is a region, geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Outside of the English-speaking world, Oceania is generally considered a continent, while Mainland Australia is regarded as its co ...

, A 2008 study found Haplogroup M in 42% (60/144) of a pool of samples from nine language groups in the Admiralty Islands of Papua New Guinea. M has been found in 35% (17/48) of a sample of Papua New Guinea highlanders from the Bundi area and in 28% (9/32) of a sample of Aboriginal Australians from Kalumburu in northwestern Australia. In a study published in 2015, Haplogroup M was found in 21% (18/86) of a sample of

Fijians Fijians () are a nation and ethnic group Indigenous peoples of Oceania, native to Fiji, who speak Fijian language, Fijian and English language, English and share a common history and culture. Fijians, or ''iTaukei'', are the major indigenous ...

, but it was not observed in a sample of 21 Rotumans. Haplogroup M is also relatively common in Northeast Africa, occurring especially among

Somalis The Somali people (, Wadaad's writing, Wadaad: , Arabic: ) are a Cushitic peoples, Cushitic ethnic group and nation native to the Somali Peninsula. who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The Lowland East Cushitic languages, East ...

Libya Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...

ns and Oromos at frequencies over 20%. Toward the northwest, the lineage is found at comparable frequencies among the Tuareg in Mali and Burkina Faso; particularly the M1a2 subclade (18.42%). Among the descendant lineages of haplogroup M are C, D, E, G, Q, and Z. Z and G are found in North Eurasian populations, C and D exists among North Eurasian and Native American populations, E is observed in Southeast Asian populations, and Q is common among Melanesian populations. The lineages M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M18 and M25 are exclusive to South Asia, with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub-continent with an age estimation of 60,000—75,000 years, and with M5 reported to be the most prevalent in historically Turco-Persian enclaves. In 2013, four ancient specimens dated to around 2,500 BC-500 AD, which were excavated from the Tell Ashara ( Terqa) and Tell Masaikh (Kar-Assurnasirpal) archaeological sites in the Euphrates Valley, were found to belong to mtDNA haplotypes associated with the M4b1, M49 and/or M61 haplogroups. Since these clades are not found among the current inhabitants of the area, they are believed to have been brought at a more remote period from east of

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia is known as present-day Iraq and forms the eastern geographic boundary of ...

; possibly by either merchants or the founders of the ancient Terqa population. In 2016, three Late Pleistocene European hunter-gatherers were also found to carry M lineages. Two of the specimens were from the Goyet archaeological site in Belgium and were dated to 34,000 and 35,000 years ago, respectively. The other ancient individual hailed from the La Rochette site in France, and was dated to 28,000 years ago. Ancient DNA analysis of Iberomaurusian skeletal remains at the

Taforalt Taforalt, or Grotte des Pigeons, is a cave in the province of Berkane, Aït Iznasen region, Morocco, possibly the oldest cemetery in North Africa. It contained at least 34 Iberomaurusian adolescent and adult human skeletons, as well as young ...

site in Morocco, which have been dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the M1b subclade in one of the fossils (1/7; ~14%). Ancient individuals belonging to the Late Iron Age settlement of Çemialo Sırtı in

Batman Batman is a superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. Batman was created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and debuted in Detective Comics 27, the 27th issue of the comic book ''Detective Comics'' on M ...

, southeast Turkey were found to carry haplogroup M; specifically the M1a1 subclade (1/12; ~8.3%). Haplogroup M was also detected in ancient specimens from Southeast Anatolia (0.4%). Additionally, M1 has been observed among

ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt () was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in Northeast Africa. It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology), when Upper and Lower E ...

ian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre- Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Roman periods. Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in

Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...

, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the M1b subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern

Berbers Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also known as Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arab migrations to the Maghreb, Arabs in the Maghreb. Their main connec ...

, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. The ancient Egyptian aristocrats Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht were also found to belong to the M1a1 subclade. The half-brothers lived during the 12th Dynasty, with their

tomb A tomb ( ''tumbos'') or sepulchre () is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be called '' immurement'', alth ...

located at the Deir Rifeh cemetery in Middle Egypt.

Subgroups distribution

Source: * M ** M1'20'51 *** Haplogroup M

– found in the Nile Valley, Horn of Africa,

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

Sahara The Sahara (, ) is a desert spanning across North Africa. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the list of deserts by area, third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Ar ...

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

, and

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

**** M1a ***** M1a1 ****** M1a1a ******* M1a1a1 ****** M1a1b ******* M1a1b1 ******** M1a1b1a ******** M1a1b1b ********* M1a1b1b1 ******** M1a1b1c ******* M1a1b2 ****** M1a1-T16093C ******* M1a1c ******* M1a1d ****** M1a1e ******* M1a1e1 ******* M1a1e2 ****** M1a1f ****** M1a1g ****** M1a1h ****** M1a1i ***** M1a2 ****** M1a2a ****** M1a2b ***** M1a3 ****** M1a3a ****** M1a3b ******* M1a3b1 ******* M1a3b2 ***** M1a4 ****** M1a4a ***** M1a5 ***** M1a6 ***** M1a7 ***** M1a8 ****** M1a8a **** M1b ***** M1b1 ****** M1b1a ****** M1b1b ***** M1b2 ****** M1b2a ****** M1b2b ****** M1b2c *** M20 – in China, Borneo (Bidayuh), Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Vietnam ( Jarai, Lahu), Saudi Arabia **** M20a - Myanmar, Thailand ( Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan), China, Blang, Saudi Arabia, ***** M20a1 - Thailand ( Lawa from southeastern Mae Hong Son ProvinceYFull MTree 1.01.14609
as of 21 August 2019), Myanmar ***** M20a2 -

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

( Phutai from Kalasin Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, ''etc.'') ***** M20a3 -

, USA (

New Jersey New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...

) *** M51 – in

Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...

and Indonesia **** M51a ***** M51a1 ****** M51a1a ****** M51a1b ***** M51a2 **** M51b ***** M51b1 ****** M51b1a ****** M51b1b ** Haplogroup M

– found in South Asia, with highest concentrations in SE India and Bangladesh; oldest haplogroup M lineage on the Indian sub-continent. Also found with low frequency in Southwest China, southwestern China. *** M2a'b **** M2a – India (Madhya Pradesh), Munda; most common in Bangladesh ***** M2a1 – Malpaharia ****** M2a1a – Uyghur, Sindhi, Hill Kolam, Thailand ******* M2a1a1 – Katkari ******** M2a1a1a – Nihal ********* M2a1a1a1 – Katkari ******** M2a1a1b – Nihal ********* M2a1a1b1 – Nihal ******* M2a1a2 – Madia ******** M2a1a2a – Madia ********* M2a1a2a1 – Kamar ********** M2a1a2a1a – Kamar ******* M2a1a-G207A ******** M2a1a3 – Mathakur ********* M2a1a3-T16093C ********** M2a1a3a – Kathakur, Mathakur *********** M2a1a3a1 – Kathakur ********** M2a1a3b – Kathakur ****** M2a1b – Dungri Bhil ****** M2a1c – Andh ***** M2a2 ****** M2a2a ***** M2a3 ****** M2a3a **** M2b – Paudi Bhuiya; most common in SE India ***** M2b1 – Korku ****** M2b1a – Korku, Munda ****** M2b1b – Malpaharia ***** M2b2 – Hill Kolam, Jenu Kuruba ***** M2b3 – Betta Kurumba ****** M2b3a – Betta Kurumba ***** M2b4 – Korku *** M2c – Myanmar, Thailand/Laos ** Haplogroup M3 – Uyghur, Myanmar, New Delhi (Hindu), Paniy

– found mainly in South Asia, with highest concentrations in west and NW India *** M3a **** M3a1 – Dongri Bhil, Kathodi, Katkari, Jammu and Kashmir, Pathan, Iran, Thailand/Laos ***** M3a1-T204C ****** M3a1a – Kamar of Chhattisgarh ****** M3a1b ******* M3a1b* – Tajiks in Xinjiang, Sarikolis and Wakhis in Taxkorgan, Pakistan (Balochi, Makrani), India ******* M3a1b1 ******** M3a1b1* – Jammu and Kashmir ******** M3a1b1a –

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

( Hazara) ******* M3a1b2 –

( Brahui),

( Persian) **** M3a2 – Bangladesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Burusho, Qatar, Yemen ***** M3a2a – Jenu Kuruba *** M3b – Kamar of Chhattisgarh *** M3c – Madia, Myanmar **** M3c-T152C! ***** M3c1 ****** M3c1a – Jammu and Kashmir, Nepal (Terai Hindu, Tharu), Andhra Pradesh (tribal) ****** M3c1b – Hill Kolam ******* M3c1b1 – Saudi Arabia ******** M3c1b1a – Jenu Kuruba ******** M3c1b1b – Jenu Kuruba **** M3c2 – Pakistan (Brahui), Jammu and Kashmir, Andh, Thailand *** M3d – Nepal (Kathmandu), India, Italy (Salerno) **** M3d1 – New Delhi (Hindu) ***** M3d1a – Nepal (Kathmandu), Cambodia ( Lao), United Kingdom ****** M3d1a1 – Tibet (Sherpa) ** M4'30 or M4'67 *** M4'67-T16311C! **** Haplogroup M

– found mainly in South Asia but some sequences in Eastern Saudi Arabia ***** Haplogroup M4a – found in

Gujarat Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...

, India ***** Haplogroup M4b – found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley **** Haplogroup M65 ***** Haplogroup M65a – found in India, Pakistan (Balochi, Sindhi), Sarikoli in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China, Pamiri in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan, Ladakh, Myanmar, China ****** M65a1 ****** M65a-C16311T!! ******* M65a2 ***** Haplogroup M65b – found in India and in Pakistan (Balochi) **** M67 *** Haplogroup M18'38 **** Haplogroup M18 – found among Tharus in southern

Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...

and tribal people in

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (ISO 15919, ISO: , , AP) is a States and union territories of India, state on the East Coast of India, east coast of southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, seventh-largest state and th ...

Haplogroup M18a was also found in Mesolithic

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

. ***** M18a ***** M18b ***** M18c **** Haplogroup M38 – found with high frequency among Tharus from Morang District of southeastern

and as singletons among Tharus from Chitwan District of south-central Nepal and

Hindus Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...

from

New Delhi New Delhi (; ) is the Capital city, capital of India and a part of the Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the Government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Parliament ...

***** M38a ***** M38-T195C! ****** M38b ****** M38c ***** M38-T199C ****** M38d ****** M38e *** Haplogroup M30 – mainly in India; also found in Nepal, Pakistan, Central Asia (Kyrgyz, Wakhi, and Sarikoli in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China and Tajiks in Dushanbe, Tajikistan), the Middle East, and North Africa. **** M30a ***** M30a1 ***** M30a2 **** M30b **** M30c ***** M30c1 ****** M30c1a ******* M30c1a1 **** M30d ***** M30d1 ***** M30d2 **** M30-C16234T ***** M30e **** M30f **** M30g *** Haplogroup M37 **** M37-T152C! ***** M37-T152C!-C151T ****** Haplogroup M37a – found in Gujarat, India ******* M37a1 ****** M37d **** M37e ***** M37e2 *** M43 **** M43-T16311C! ***** M43a ****** M43a1 **** M43b *** M45 **** M45a *** M54 *** M63 *** M64 *** M66 **** M66a **** M66b *Haplogroup M

– found in South Asia **Haplogroup M5a – found in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

(Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Kathakur, Gadaba), Thailand ( Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province), Israel, Kyrgyz in Taxkorgan ***M5a1 ****M5a1a – India (incl. Jammu and Kashmir) ****M5a1b – India (Jammu and Kashmir, Dongri Bhil, Nihal, Andh), Pakistan (Burusho), Russia, Spain (Romani), USA (Georgia), USA (California) ***M5a2 – India ****M5a2a – Pakistan (Balochi), India ( Nihal), Thailand ( Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province) *****M5a2a1 – India (Hindus in New Delhi), Pakistan (Sindhi) ******M5a2a1a – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persian), Kazakh, Pakistan (Balochi), India (Dongri

Bhil Bhil or Bheel refer to the various Indigenous peoples, indigenous groups inhabiting western India, including parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and are also found in distant places such as Bengal and Tripura. Though they now speak the Bhili ...

, Korku, Lachungpa), Myanmar *****M5a2a2 – India ( Kamar of Chhattisgarh), Yemen *****M5a2a3 – India (Pauri Bhuiya, Munda) *****M5a2a4 – Iran (

Persians Persians ( ), or the Persian people (), are an Iranian ethnic group from West Asia that came from an earlier group called the Proto-Iranians, which likely split from the Indo-Iranians in 1800 BCE from either Afghanistan or Central Asia. They ...

), Pakistan (Brahui, Makrani, Balochi) ***M5a3 ****M5a3a – India ( Kamar of Chhattisgarh) ****M5a3b – India (Dongri Bhil, Kathodi) ***M5a4 – India (Kathodi, Korku) ***M5a5 – India (Dongri Bhil, Andh), Yemen **Haplogroup M5b – found in India and Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province) ***Haplogroup M5b2b1a – found in Tibet, Ladakh, Nepal **Haplogroup M5c – found in India, Thailand ( Mon in Lopburi Province and Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Tibet, Nepal ***Haplogroup M5c1 – India (Pauri Bhuiya, Kathodi, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Thai from Phichit ProvinceKutanan,W., Kampuansai,J., Brunelli,A., Ghirotto,S., Pittayaporn,P., Ruangchai,S., Schroder,R., Macholdt,E., Srikummool,M., Kangwanpong,D., Hubner,A., Arias,L. and Stoneking,M., "New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia." ''Eur. J. Hum. Genet.'' (2018).) ***Haplogroup M5c2 – Nepal (Tharu), Tibet (Sherpa), Thailand ( Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province) *Haplogroup M

– found mainly in South Asia, with highest concentrations in mid-eastern India and Kashmir **Haplogroup M6b – found in

Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...

, India **Haplogroup M61 – found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley *Haplogroup M

– found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in Japan, southern China,

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...

, and

; also found with low frequency in Central Asia and Siberia **Haplogroup M7a ***Haplogroup M7a* – Japan ***Haplogroup M7a1 ****Haplogroup M7a1* – Japan, Jiangsu, Shandong ****Haplogroup M7a1a *****Haplogroup M7a1a* – Japan, Korea, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Sichuan, Shanghai, Shandong *****Haplogroup M7a1a1 ******Haplogroup M7a1a1* – Japan, Korea, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Henan ******Haplogroup M7a1a1a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a2 ******Haplogroup M7a1a2* – Japan, Jiangsu ******Haplogroup M7a1a2a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a3 – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a4 ******Haplogroup M7a1a4* – Japan, Zhejiang ******Haplogroup M7a1a4a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a5 ******Haplogroup M7a1a5* – Japan ******Haplogroup M7a1a5a – Japan, Korea, Tianjin *****Haplogroup M7a1a6 ******Haplogroup M7a1a6* – Japan, Philippines, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Shandong ******Haplogroup M7a1a6a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1a7 ******Haplogroup M7a1a7* – Japan, Korea ******Haplogroup M7a1a7a – Uyghur *****Haplogroup M7a1a8 – Japan, Jiangsu *****Haplogroup M7a1a9 – Japan, Korea, Tianjin *****Haplogroup M7a1a10 – Japan ****Haplogroup M7a1b *****Haplogroup M7a1b1 ******Haplogroup M7a1b1* – Japan, China (Minnan Han) ******Haplogroup M7a1b1a – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a1b2 – Japan ***Haplogroup M7a2 ****Haplogroup M7a2* – Japan ****Haplogroup M7a2a – Japan, Ulchi, Yakut *****Haplogroup M7a2a1 – Japan *****Haplogroup M7a2a2 ******Haplogroup M7a2a2* – Japan ******Haplogroup M7a2a2a *******Haplogroup M7a2a2a* – Japan ( Gunma) *******Haplogroup M7a2a2a1 – Japan ( Aichi) *****Haplogroup M7a2a3 ******Haplogroup M7a2a3a *******Haplogroup M7a2a3a* – Udihe *******Haplogroup M7a2a3a1 – Udihe ******Haplogroup M7a2a3b – Evenk ( Nyukzha River basin), Buryat *****Haplogroup M7a2a4 – Japan **Haplogroup M7b'c ***Haplogroup M7b ****Haplogroup M7b1a *****Haplogroup M7b1a1 – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, China, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Mongush, Khamnigan ******Haplogroup M7b1a1a – Thailand, Uyghur, Korea *******Haplogroup M7b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Laos ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1a – Japan ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1b – Japan, Korea, China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1c – Japan ********Haplogroup M7b1a1a1d – Japan *******Haplogroup M7b1a1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, China *******Haplogroup M7b1a1a3 – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China ******Haplogroup M7b1a1b – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Hunan, Uyghur, Kyrgyz from Artux), England ******Haplogroup M7b1a1c – Han Chinese, Uyghurs, Kyrgyz *******Haplogroup M7b1a1c1 – Chinese,

Bama Yao Autonomous County Bama Yao Autonomous County ( Zhuang: ,) is a county in Guangxi, China. It is under the administration of Hechi City. The residents of Bama County have a reputation for longevity, and Bama has been the focus of studies from geriatricians nationwid ...

******Haplogroup M7b1a1d – Thailand, Laos, Tatar (Buinsk) ******Haplogroup M7b1a1e – Thailand *******Haplogroup M7b1a1e1 – Thailand, Vietnam, China *******Haplogroup M7b1a1e2 – China ******Haplogroup M7b1a1f – Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, China ******Haplogroup M7b1a1g – Thailand ******Haplogroup M7b1a1h – Thailand, Chinese ( Han from Lanzhou, ''etc.''), Vietnam, Korea, Japan ******Haplogroup M7b1a1i – Taiwan ( Amis), Philippines, Malaysia *****Haplogroup M7b1a2 ******Haplogroup M7b1a2a – China (Uyghurs, Kyrgyzes in Taxkorgan, Han, Mongol in Inner Mongolia) *******Haplogroup M7b1a2a1 – Taiwan Aboriginal peoples, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia ********Haplogroup M7b1a2a1a – Atayal, Saisiyat ********Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b – Atayal *********Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b1 – Atayal, Saisiyat ****Haplogroup M7b1b – Khamnigan, China, Kyrgyz ***Haplogroup M7c ****Haplogroup M7c1 – China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Mongolia, Sarikoli, Kazakhstan *****Haplogroup M7c1a – China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia ******Haplogroup M7c1a1 *******Haplogroup M7c1a1a – China, Mongolia *******Haplogroup M7c1a1b – Azeri ********Haplogroup M7c1a1b1 – Even ( Sakkyryyr), Yakut ( Vilyuy basin) ******Haplogroup M7c1a2 – China *******Haplogroup M7c1a2a – She, Uyghur ********Haplogroup M7c1a2a1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur ******Haplogroup M7c1a3 – China, Japan, Vietnam *******Haplogroup M7c1a3a – Korea ******Haplogroup M7c1a4 *******Haplogroup M7c1a4a – China *******Haplogroup M7c1a4b – China ******Haplogroup M7c1a5 – Japan, Korea *****Haplogroup M7c1b – Chinese ******Haplogroup M7c1b1 – Buryats ******Haplogroup M7c1b2 *******Haplogroup M7c1b2a – Khamnigan, Korea *******Haplogroup M7c1b2b – China, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia *****Haplogroup M7c1c – China, Thailand/Laos ******Haplogroup M7c1c1 – China *******Haplogroup M7c1c1a – China ********Haplogroup M7c1c1a1 – Philippines ******Haplogroup M7c1c2 – Thailand, China (Han) ******Haplogroup M7c1c3 – Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Kiribati, Nauru, Saudi Arabia, Madagascar ****Haplogroup M7c2 – Taiwan, Hainan, Thailand/Laos *****Haplogroup M7c2a – Thailand/Laos, China (incl. Hainan) *****Haplogroup M7c2b – Thailand, Taiwan (Han), Czech ****Haplogroup M7c3 – China (incl. Amis) *Haplogroup M8 - China, Northern Thailand ( Lisu), India **Haplogroup M8a

– found in East Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia ***Haplogroup M8a1 ****Haplogroup M8a1a –

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

****Haplogroup M8a1b – southeastern Siberia ( Udegey) ***Haplogroup M8a2'3 ****Haplogroup M8a2'3* – Japan ****Haplogroup M8a2 – found in Koryaks, Itelmens, Chukchis, Tuvans, Khakassians, Altayans, Mongolians, China (including

Uyghurs The Uyghurs,. alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central Asia and East Asia. The Uyghurs are recognized as the ti ...

Koreans Koreans are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of Koreans live in the two Korean sovereign states of North and South Korea, which are collectively referred to as Korea. As of 2021, an estimated 7.3 m ...

, Japan, Thailand/Laos *****Haplogroup M8a2* – China (Hakka) *****Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!! ******Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!!* – China, Japan (Chiba) ******Haplogroup M8a2a *******Haplogroup M8a2a1 – found in Thailand, China, Japan ********Haplogroup M8a2a1a *********Haplogroup M8a2a1a* – Northeast Thailand ( Saek) *********Haplogroup M8a2a1a1 **********Haplogroup M8a2a1a1* – China ( Han from

Wuhan Wuhan; is the capital of Hubei, China. With a population of over eleven million, it is the most populous city in Hubei and the List of cities in China by population, eighth-most-populous city in China. It is also one of the nine National cent ...

) **********Haplogroup M8a2a1a1a – Central Thailand (Tai Yuan), Northern Thailand ( Palaung) ********Haplogroup M8a2a1b *********Haplogroup M8a2a1b* – Chiang Mai Province ( Khon Mueang) *********Haplogroup M8a2a1b1 – Lamphun Province ( Khon Mueang) ********Haplogroup M8a2a1c – China, Japan ( Aichi) *******Haplogroup M8a2a2 – China ******Haplogroup M8a2-A12530G/G14364A/T16297C – Uyghur ******Haplogroup M8a2b – China ( Maonan from Pingtang County) *******Haplogroup M8a2b* - Japan, China (Shandong, Henan) *******Haplogroup M8a2b1 (C9301T) - China (Anhui Medical University Hospital, ''etc.'') *******Haplogroup M8a2b2 (G12192A) - Russia ( Ulchi, Nanai from Bogorodskoye, Ulchsky District) *******Haplogroup M8a2b3 (T16311C!) - China, Thailand (Bangkok) *******Haplogroup M8a2b4 (T9813d) - China (Zhejiang, ''etc.'') *****Haplogroup M8a2c – found in Japan and China *****Haplogroup M8a2d – found in China (Shantou, Qingdao) *****Haplogroup M8a2e – found in Taiwan ( Ami, ''etc.'') and in a Han Chinese living in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area *****Haplogroup M8a2f – China ****Haplogroup M8a3 *****Haplogroup M8a3* – China (

Guangdong ) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t= , s=广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty ...

, ''etc.''), Kyrgyz ( Artux), Russia (Verkhnyaya Gutara, Nerkha, and Kushun villages of

Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk Oblast (; ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara River, Angara, Lena River, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is ...

) *****Haplogroup M8a3a ******Haplogroup M8a3a* – China, Russia ( Ket from Turukhansk) ******Haplogroup M8a3a1 *******Haplogroup M8a3a1* – China *******Haplogroup M8a3a1a – China ******Haplogroup M8a3a2 – China, Indonesia (Jawa Timur) ** Haplogroup CZ - Northern Thailand ( Hmong) *** Haplogroup Cbr>
– found especially in Siberia ****Haplogroup C

– found in Asia and America ( Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native Americans and Hispanics in particular) ****Haplogroup C4 ****Haplogroup C

– found in China and Ukraine

*** Haplogroup Z (mtDNA), Haplogroup Zbr>
– found in Northeast Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, and East Asia, including among

Swedes Swedes (), or Swedish people, are an ethnic group native to Sweden, who share a common ancestry, Culture of Sweden, culture, History of Sweden, history, and Swedish language, language. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, ...

Sami Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise ne ...

Finns Finns or Finnish people (, ) are a Baltic Finns, Baltic Finnic ethnic group native to Finland. Finns are traditionally divided into smaller regional groups that span several countries adjacent to Finland, both those who are native to these cou ...

Russians Russians ( ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. Their mother tongue is Russian language, Russian, the most spoken Slavic languages, Slavic language. The majority of Russians adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church ...

, Ukrainians, Nogais, Abazins, Cherkessians, North Ossetians, Turks, Udmurts, Komi, Kets, Kalmyks, Hazara, Pashtuns, Tajiks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs, Evens, Evenks, Dolgans, Yakuts, Yukaghirs, Khakas, Altaians, Altai Kizhi, Buryats, Nganasans, Koryaks, Itelmens, Ulchi, Japanese,

, Chinese, and Tibeto-Burman peoples *Haplogroup M

– found in East Asia and Central Asia, especially in

. In the Nepalese populations, it is prevalent mainly in Sherpa (27.4%), Tharu-CI (19.6%), Tamang (15.5%), Magar (13.5%), and Tharu-CII. Haplogroup M9* has additionally been found in ancient remains from the Red Deer Cave people in present-day

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

. **Haplogroup M9a'b ***Haplogroup M9a – Han (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, Taiwan, Anhui, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hebei), Korean (South Korea), Tujia (Hunan), Kinh (Hue), Mongol (Hohhot), Japanese, Lhoba ">MRCA 23,000 (95% CI 18,100 <-> 28,800) ybp****Haplogroup M9a1 – Han (Hunan) ">MRCA 19,500 (95% CI 13,800 <-> 26,700) ybp*****Haplogroup M9a1a – Han (Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan), Manchu (Jilin), Korean (South Korea), Hui (Qinghai), Kazakh (Ili), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Nepal ">MRCA 16,500 (95% CI 12,800 <-> 20,900) ybp******Haplogroup M9a1a1 – Han (Henan, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan, Thailand/Laos, Hui ( Yuxi), Tibetan (Nyingchi), Uyghur, Japanese (Hokkaido) ">MRCA 13,900 (95% CI 10,800 <-> 17,600) ybp*******Haplogroup M9a1a1a – Japanese, Korean (Seoul), Chinese (incl. a Henan Han), Khamnigan (Buryat Republic), Udege, Nivkh, Tibetan (Qinghai) *******Haplogroup M9a1a1b – Japanese, Korean (South Korea), Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Han (Hunan) *******Haplogroup M9a1a1c – Han (Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan), Ainu, Japanese, Korean, Mongol (Hohhot), Uyghur (Ürümqi), Altaian, Tuvinian, Hui (Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan), Tujia (Hunan), Bai (Yunnan), Yi (Yunnan) ********Haplogroup M9a1a1c1 – Han (Henan) *********Haplogroup M9a1a1c1a – Han (Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Lanzhou), Korea, Japanese, Mongol (New Barga Left Banner), Tibetan (Liangshan), Hui (Ili) *********Haplogroup M9a1a1c1b – Tibetan (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chamdo, Lhasa, Nagqu, Ngari, Nyingchi, Shannan, Shigatse), Monpa (Nyingchi), Dirang Monpa (Arunachal Pradesh), Lachungpa (Sikkim), Tu (Huzhu Tu Autonomous County), Dongxiang (Gansu), Buryat (Inner Mongolia, Buryat Republic), Han (Qinghai), Hui (Qinghai), Nepalese *******Haplogroup M9a1a1d – Salar (Qinghai), Han ( Yanting), Bai (Dali) ******Haplogroup M9a1a2 – Tharu (Chitwan District, Uttar Pradesh), Tibetan (Nagqu, Yunnan, Qinghai, Shigatse), Lhoba (Nyingchi), Dhimal (West Bengal), Chin (Myanmar), Adi (Assam), Tu (Qinghai), Uyghur (Ürümqi), Mongol (Ili), Han (Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shandong, Ili), Yi (Yunnan), Bai (Dali), Nepalese Behar et al., 2012b">MRCA 6,153.9 ± 5,443.2 ybp; CI=95%Behar et al., 2012b*****Haplogroup M9a1b – Tibetan (Nyingchi, Nagqu, Lhasa, Chamdo, Ngari, Shannan, Shigatse, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Gansu), Monba (Nyingchi), Lhoba (Shannan), Uzbekistan (Fergana), Dongxiang (Linxia), Naga (Sagaing), Burman (Bago), Chin (Chin State), Han (Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Liaoning), Yi (Shuangbai) ">MRCA 9,416.6 ± 3,984.0 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup M9a1b1 – Tibetan, Lhoba, Arunachal Pradesh (Sonowal Kachari, Wanchoo, Gallong), Assam (Adi), Sikkim (Lepcha, Lachung), Qinghai (Salar, Tu), Mongol (Mongolia, Inner Mongolia), Guangxi (Gelao, Palyu), Thailand, Bengal, Pakistan (Karachi), Meghalaya (Khasi, Garo), Bodo (West Bengal), Rabha (West Bengal), Rajbanshi (West Bengal), Indonesia, Han (Shaanxi, Henan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan), Hui (Gansu, Qinghai), Burman (Ayeyarwady, Magway, Sagaing), Rakhine (Rakhine, Magway), Chin (Chin State), Naga (Sagaing), Mech (Jhapa district, Nepal), Nepalese, Mosuo (Yunnan), Yi (Yunnan), She (Guizhou), Hani (Yunnan), Pumi (Yunnan), Bai (Dali), Va (Yunnan) ">MRCA 6,557.4 ± 2,102.4 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup M9a1b2 – Tibetan (Diqing), Han (Dujiangyan), Kazakh (Altai Republic), Kalmyk ">MRCA 3,225.9 ± 3,494.4 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup M9a4 *****Haplogroup M9a4a – Kinh (Hanoi), Han (Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Sichuan, Guangdong), Li (Hainan), Mulam (Guangxi), Jino (Xishuangbanna), Dai (Xishuangbanna), Chiang Mai *****Haplogroup M9a4b – Kinh (Hanoi), South Korea ****Haplogroup M9a5 – Han (Hunan, Hong Kong), Thailand, Pubiao ( Malipo), Li (Hainan), Mulam ( Luocheng), Zhuang (

), Kinh (Hanoi) ***Haplogroup M9b – Han (Luocheng, Dujiangyan, Shaanxi), Cham (Binh Thuan), Mulam (Luocheng), Bouyei (Guizhou), Yi (Hezhang), Bunu (Dahua), Hui (Ili), Thailand ( Phuan from Sukhothai Province) ** Haplogroup E – a subclade of M9 – found especially in Taiwan (Aboriginal peoples), Maritime Southeast Asia, and the Mariana Islands ">MRCA 23,695.4 ± 6,902.4 ybp; CI=95%*Haplogroup M1

– small clade found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Central Asia, Saudi Arabia, southern Siberia, Russia, Belarus, and Poland ">MRCA 23,600 (95% CI 17,100 <-> 31,700) ybp**M10-514C!/A15218G/C16362T! ***M10-514C!/A15218G/C16362T!* – Poland ***M10-T3167C/C4140T/T8793C/C12549T/A13152G/T14502C/C15040T/T15071C ****M10a ">MRCA 16,700 (95% CI 11,800 <-> 22,800) ybp*****M10a* – Myanmar *****M10a1 – China, Thailand, Myanmar, Japan, Shor, Daur ">MRCA 14,400 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 18,400) ybp******M10a1* – Myanmar, Central Thailand ( Mon), Japan (Aichi) ******M10a1-G16129A!!! *******M10a1-A13105G!/T16362C – Shor, Daur *******M10a1a ********M10a1a* – China, Saudi Arabia ********M10a1a1 *********M10a1a1a – Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China (Han from Kunming, ''etc.''), Iron Age Black Sea Scythian *********M10a1a1b – Altai, Korea, Japan, China **********M10a1a1b* – Chinese Uyghur **********M10a1a1b1 ***********M10a1a1b1* – Japan, China ***********M10a1a1b1a – China ***********M10a1a1b1b – China ***********M10a1a1b1c – Uyghur, Altai-Kizhi **********M10a1a1b2 ***********M10a1a1b2* – Taiwan (Hakka) ***********M10a1a1b2a – Japan ********M10a1a2 – Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province) ********M10a1a3 – Taiwan *******M10a1b ********M10a1b* – South Korea, China (Han from Tai'an, ''etc.''), India ( Gallong, ''etc.'') ********M10a1b1 – China ( Makatao) ********M10a1b2 – China ( Tingri County) *******M10a1c – China *****M10a2 – Japan (Aichi), Kalmyk, Russian (northwestern Russia) **M10b – China ( Shui), Vietnam ( Cờ Lao) *Haplogroup M1

– small clade found especially among the Han Chinese, Chinese and also in some Japanese,

, Oroqen, Yi, Tibetans, Tajiks in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, and Bangladeshis ">MRCA 20,987.7 ± 5,740.8 ybp; CI=95%**Haplogroup M11* – Myanmar **Haplogroup M11a'b'd ***Haplogroup M11a'b ">MRCA 16,209.0 ± 4,396.8 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup M11a – Korea, Turkey ">MRCA 11,972.3 ± 3,523.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11a-C198T ******Haplogroup M11a-C198T* – Wancho, Miao (from Fenghuang, Hunan) ******Haplogroup M11a1 – Gallong, Tibet ">MRCA 8,668.6 ± 4,041.6 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11a2 – Tibet, Han (Zhanjiang) ">MRCA 8,776.3 ± 3,715.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11a3 – Uyghur, Buryat, Oroqen ****Haplogroup M11b ">MRCA 12,962.0 ± 4,819.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup M11b1 – Taiwan (Minnan) ******Haplogroup M11b1a – Japan *******Haplogroup M11b1a1 – Japan, Han (Tai'an) *****Haplogroup M11b2 – Japanese (Hokkaido), China, Altai-Kizhi, Tajik (Dushanbe) ***Haplogroup M11d – China, Teleut, Kyrgyz, Iran **Haplogroup M11c – Japan, Korea *Haplogroup M12'G **Haplogroup M1

– small clade found especially among the Li people, aborigines of Hainan Island as well as in other populations of China, Japan, Korea,

Pashtuns Pashtuns (, , ; ;), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are an Iranian peoples, Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in southern and eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. They were historically also referred to as Afghan (ethnon ...

, Tibet, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam ">MRCA 31,287.5 ± 5,731.2 ybp; CI=95%***Haplogroup M12a ">MRCA 26,020.6 ± 5,808.0 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup M12a1 – Thailand/Laos *****Haplogroup M12a1a – Thailand ( Htin in Phayao Province, Black Tai in Kanchanaburi Province, Mon in Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Laos ( Lao in Luang Prabang), Hainan ******Haplogroup M12a1a1 – China (esp. Hainan) ******Haplogroup M12a1a2 – Hainan, Tu *****Haplogroup M12a1b – Tibet, Thailand ( Blang in Chiang Rai Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Mon in Kanchanaburi Province), Hainan, Vietnam ****Haplogroup M12a2 – Thailand, Hainan, Myanmar ***Haplogroup M12b – Thailand ( Khmu in Nan Province) ****Haplogroup M12b1 – Vietnam, Myanmar *****Haplogroup M12b1a – Laos ( Lao in Vientiane) ******Haplogroup M12b1a1 ******Haplogroup M12b1a2 – Thailand (Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province) *******Haplogroup M12b1a2a – Cambodia, Malaysia *******Haplogroup M12b1a2b – Cambodia *****Haplogroup M12b1b – Thailand ( Suay in Surin Province, Khmer in Surin Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Black Tai in Loei Province), Cambodia ****Haplogroup M12b2 – Thailand, Hainan *****Haplogroup M12b2a – Cambodia ** Haplogroup Gbr>
– found especially in Japan, Mongolia, and Tibet and in indigenous peoples of Kamchatka Peninsula, Kamchatka ( Koryaks, Alyutors, Itelmens), with some isolated instances in diverse places of Asia ">MRCA 31,614.8 ± 5,193.6 ybp; CI=95%***Haplogroup G1 – Japan ">MRCA 21,492.9 ± 5,414.4 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup G1a – China (Uyghurs), Thailand ( Black Lahu in Mae Hong Son Province) ">MRCA 18,139.1 ± 5,462.4 ybp; CI=95%(TMRCA 18,800 5% CI 12,600 <-> 26,900ybp) *****Haplogroup G1a1 – Korea, Vietnam ( Dao), China (Sarikolis, Uyghurs, ''etc.''), Tajikistan (Pamiris), Russia ( Todzhin) MRCA 12,200 (95% CI 10,100 <-> 14,600) ybpref name = "YFull" /> ******Haplogroup G1a1a – Japan, Korea, Taiwan MRCA 5,200 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,000) ybpref name = "YFull" /> *******Haplogroup G1a1a1 – Japan, Korea, China ( Daur, Korean in Arun Banner) (TMRCA 3,100 5% CI 1,250 <-> 6,300ybp) *******Haplogroup G1a1a2 – Japan *******Haplogroup G1a1a3 – Japan *******Haplogroup G1a1a4 – Japan, Korea ******Haplogroup G1a1b – Taiwan ( Makatao), Russia ( Altai-Kizhi) *****Haplogroup G1a2'3 ******Haplogroup G1a2 – Manchu, Han (Beijing), Tibet, Miao ******Haplogroup G1a3 – Japan, Korea ">MRCA 6,451.1 ± 4,521.6 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup G1b ">MRCA 7,246.3 ± 5,088.0 ybp; CI=95%(TMRCA 10,300 5% CI 7,000 <-> 14,700ybp) *****Haplogroup G1b1 – (TMRCA 8,400 5% CI 6,200 <-> 11,100ybp) Koryaks ( Magadan Oblast, Severo-Evensk District of Magadan Oblast), Nivkhs, Evens (Kamchatka), Yakut (HGDP) *****Haplogroup G1b2'3'4 (G1b-G16129A!) – (TMRCA 7,700 5% CI 5,000 <-> 11,400ybp) Evenks ( Iengra), Evens ( Magadan region), Orok, Nivkhs, Koryaks ( Magadan Oblast, Severo-Evensk District of Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka) ******Haplogroup G1b2 – (TMRCA 2,600 5% CI 375 <-> 9,300ybp) Koryaks ( Magadan region, Severo-Evensk District of Magadan Region), Chukchi ******Haplogroup G1b3 – (TMRCA 4,700 5% CI 1,000 <-> 13,500ybp) Chukchi (Anadyr), Evens (Kamchatka) ******Haplogroup G1b4 – (TMRCA 1,450 5% CI 225 <-> 5,100ybp) Yukaghirs, Even ( Tompo) ****Haplogroup G1c – Korea (Seoul), China ( Han from Lanzhou, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Black and Red Lahu in Mae Hong Son Province), Malaysia ( Seletar) ">MRCA 12,910.6 ± 6,009.6 ybp; CI=95%(TMRCA 17,200 5% CI 11,600 <-> 24,600ybp) *****Haplogroup G1c1 – Han (

Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital city is Cheng ...

, Tai'an) *****Haplogroup G1c2 – China (including at least one Han from Beijing) ***Haplogroup G2 – Cambodia ">MRCA 26,787.5 ± 4,617.6 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup G2a'c – China, USA *****Haplogroup G2a ">MRCA 17,145.5 ± 5,270.4 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup G2a1 – Korea, China (

Hebei Hebei is a Provinces of China, province in North China. It is China's List of Chinese administrative divisions by population, sixth-most populous province, with a population of over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. It bor ...

, Eastern China), Tibetans ( Chamdo,

Lhasa Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa (city), Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China. Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining ...

, Tingri), Uyghur ( Artux), Daur, India (Ladakh, Punjabi Hindu), Myanmar ( Bamar from

Kayin State Kayin State (, ; ; , ), formerly known as Karen State, is a Administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. The capital city is Hpa-An, also spelled Pa-An. The terrain of the state is mountainous; with the Dawna Range running along the ...

), Thailand, Singapore, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan (Balkh), Israel ( haMerkaz), Saudi Arabia, Russia (

Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk Oblast; , is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an oblast) of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Chel ...

, Taimyr Evenk, Tuvinian), Belarus ( Lipka Tatars), Norway, USA ("caucasian") ">MRCA 14,045.7 ± 4,742.4 ybp; CI=95%*******Haplogroup G2a1a (C12525T) - Georgia ( Abkhaz), Karachay ( Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Yakuts (Central), Buryat (

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's China–Mongolia border, border with the country of Mongolia. ...

) *******Haplogroup G2a1b (A12753G) ********Haplogroup G2a1b1 (T146C! * G207A * T8063C * G9266A * A15758G) - Japan ********Haplogroup G2a1b2 (A8832C) - Thailand ( Mon from Central Thailand) ********Haplogroup G2a1b3 (T16126C) - Thailand ( Tai Khuen from North Thailand) *********Haplogroup G2a1b3a (A7606G) - Thailand ( Thai from Central Thailand) *******Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C! - China (Han from Yili, Tibetan from Shigatse), Korea, Japan, Vietnam ( Nung), Georgian ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-A16194G - Japan ( Aichi) *********Haplogroup G2a1c – Japan, Korea **********Haplogroup G2a1c1 – Japan **********Haplogroup G2a1c2 – Japan ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-C3654T - Eastern China ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-G16526A - Uyghurs ********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-T15784C - Korea *********Haplogroup G2a1-T16189C!-T15784C-T7609C - China, India (Lachungpa) ********Haplogroup G2a1d – Kyrgyz ( Artux), Uzbek (Uzbekistan), Poland ">MRCA 7,303.3 ± 3,657.6 ybp; CI=95%*********Haplogroup G2a1d1 – Japan, Hong Kong **********Haplogroup G2a1d1a – Japan *********Haplogroup G2a1d2 – Thailand ( Thai from Ratchaburi Province), China (Shandong), India, England **********Haplogroup G2a1d2a – Thailand ( Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province and Chiang Mai Province, Palaung from Chiang Mai Province, Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), China ( Yao, Eastern China) **********Haplogroup G2a1d2c - China (Eastern China), Thailand ( Thai from Central Thailand) *******Haplogroup G2a1e – Japan, Korea *******Haplogroup G2a1f - China (Taihang area in Henan province) *******Haplogroup G2a1g – China, Mongols, Karakalpak *******Haplogroup G2a1-G13194A - Tibetan ( Tingri) ********Haplogroup G2a1h - India (Ladakh, Wancho), China (

) *******Haplogroup G2a1i - Lhoba ********Haplogroup G2a1i1 (C3417T) - Yakut ( Vilyuy), Buryat (Eastern Buryat from Buryat Republic) *******Haplogroup G2a1j (C5840T) - Thailand ( Tai Yuan from North Thailand), China *******Haplogroup G2a1k (A8521G) - Poland *******Haplogroup G2a1l (C10043T) - Russia ( Pskov Oblast), Norway (

Buskerud Buskerud () is a Counties of Norway, county and a current electoral district in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Innlandet, Vestland, Telemark and Vestfold. The region extends from the Oslofjord and Drammensfjorden in the southeast to Hardanger ...

) *******Haplogroup G2a1m (C8766T) - Buryat (Inner Mongolia) ********Haplogroup G2a1m1 (C7229T) - Daur, Barga (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Buryat Republic), Khamnigan ( Zabaikal Region) *********Haplogroup G2a1m1a (A4395G) - Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz) *******Haplogroup G2a1n (T14180C) - Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz) *******Haplogroup G2a1o (T173C) - China ( Henan Province) *******Haplogroup G2a1p (A374G) - Ladakh *******Haplogroup G2a1q (T16356C) - Deng, China (

) ******Haplogroup G2a-T152C! - China (Eastern China), Thai ( Chanthaburi) *******Haplogroup G2a2 – China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Artux, Tashkurgan), Kazakhstan, Chelkan (Turochak, Biyka, Kurmach-Baigol), Nogai (Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Yakut ( Vilyuy, Northeast, Central), Buryat ( Kizhinginsky District, Olkhonsky District, Tunkinsky District,

Bokhansky District Bokhansky District (; , ''Bookhonoi aimag'') is an administrative district of Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the thirty-three in the oblast.Charter of Irkutsk Oblast Municipally, it is incorporated as Bokhansky Municipal ...

), Hazara (Pakistan), Volga Tatar (Republic of Tatarstan), Hungary, Finland ********Haplogroup G2a2a – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Bulagad from

), Soyot, Turkey, Bashkortostan, Poland ********Haplogroup G2a2b (G12007A) – Buryat ( Tunkinsky District, Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District) ********Haplogroup G2a2c (T16136C) – Uyghur ********Haplogroup G2a2d (C5456T) - Uyghur *********Haplogroup G2a2d1 (T8978C) - Uyghur ********Haplogroup G2a2e (T4772C) - Buryat (Ekhirid from Kurumkansky District, Bulagad/Ekhirid from Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-C16262T - ancient DNA from

(Irk067 from the Novyj Kachug site at the left bank of the upper Lena River, cal BC 3755 to cal BC 3640) ********Haplogroup G2a3 – Russia (Tatarstan), Azerbaijanian (Iran), Uyghur (Artux) *********Haplogroup G2a3a – Russia (

Tyumen Oblast Tyumen Oblast () is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is located in Western Siberia, and is administratively part of the Ural Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous ...

, Tatar from Buinsk), Sweden, Germany *******Haplogroup G2a4 – China (Taihang area in Henan province), Taiwan ( Taitung), Ukraine ********Haplogroup G2a4b (T6707C) - China (

Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in North China, northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the National Central City, nine national central cities, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the ...

, Eastern China) *******Haplogroup G2a5 – Japan, Korea, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut, Balkar ( Kabardino-Balkaria), Buryat ( Selenginsky District) ********Haplogroup G2a5a – Buryat ( Barguzinsky District, Kizhinginsky District) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C - Uyghur ********Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C-A10804G - Buryat (Bulagad/Ekhirid from Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District, Bulagad/Ekhirid from Selenginsky District) ********Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C-C6101T - Daurs ********Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-T1189C-T16271C - China (

), Nivkh ( Nogliki) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-C3351T - China ( Jiangxi Province, Eastern China), Buryat (Ekhirid/Bulagad from Olkhonsky District) *******Haplogroup G2a-T152C!-C10834T - China (

Jilin ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_al ...

), Thailand ( Iu Mien from Nan Province) *****Haplogroup G2-A3397G ******Haplogroup G2-A3397G-T15262C - China, Mongol ( Hulunbuir) ******Haplogroup G2-A3397G-C6623T - Uyghurs *****Haplogroup G2c – China (Taihang area in Henan province), Uyghurs ****Haplogroup G2b ">MRCA 22,776.4 ± 5,059.2 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup G2b1 – Tibetan ( Shannan), Cambodia ">MRCA 16,830.4 ± 5,616.0 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup G2b1a – China (

Chongqing ChongqingPostal Romanization, Previously romanized as Chungking ();. is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China. Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the State Council of the People's Republi ...

Shaanxi Shaanxi is a Provinces of China, province in north Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north; Shanxi and Henan to the east; Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan to the south; and Gansu and Ningxia to t ...

), Thailand ( Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province), Kyrgyzstan, Spain ">MRCA 13,366.8 ± 5,443.2 ybp; CI=95%*******Haplogroup G2b1a1 – Thailand ( Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Karen from Mae Hong Son Province), Myanmar ( Karen from

and

Bago Division Bago Region (, ; formerly Pegu Division and Bago Division) is an administrative region of Myanmar, located in the southern central part of the country. It is bordered by Magway Region and Mandalay Region to the north; Kayin State, Mon State a ...

) ********Haplogroup G2b1a1a (C16239T) - Thailand ( Skaw Karen from southern Mae Hong Son Province, Skaw Karen from northern Mae Hong Son Province), Myanmar ( Karen from

) *******Haplogroup G2b1a2 – Ewenki from

********Haplogroup G2b1a2a (G2120A) - China *******Haplogroup G2b1a3 (A4562T) - Taiwan ( Hakka) *******Haplogroup G2b1a4 (C4599T) - Thailand ( Tai Khuen from Northern Thailand, Tai Lue from Chiang Rai Province) *******Haplogroup G2b1a5 (T11353C) - China (Hebei Province), Dungan ******Haplogroup G2b1b – Uyghurs, Tibetan ( Shannan), India (Lachungpa) ">MRCA 4,662.1 ± 4,492.8 ybp; CI=95%*****Haplogroup G2b2 – Late Medieval eastern Mongolia (SHU001), Sweden, Russia, Scotland, Iraq, Japan ">MRCA 20,476.0 ± 5,481.6 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup G2b2a – India ( Gallong, Kathodi) ">MRCA 15,328.9 ± 6,057.6 ybp; CI=95%******Haplogroup G2b2b – China, Japan (Chiba) ******Haplogroup G2b2c – China (Taihang area in Henan province), Tatar (Buinsk) ******Haplogroup G2b2d (T5641C) – Japan (Tokyo), Kyrgyz ( Tashkurgan) *******Haplogroup G2b2d1 (A6647T) - Uyghur, Kumandin ( Soltonsky District), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig), Buryat (Bulagad/Ekhirid from Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District) ****Haplogroup G2d (A11443G) - Thailand ( Tai Yuan in Central Thailand, Iu Mien in Phayao Province) *****Haplogroup G2d1 (A328G) - Thailand ( Tai Yuan in Central Thailand, Lisu in Mae Hong Son Province) ***Haplogroup G3 ">MRCA 23,919.9 ± 6,931.2 ybp; CI=95%****Haplogroup G3a *****Haplogroup G3a1'2 – Pakistan ( Azad Kashmir) ******Haplogroup G3a1 MRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybpref name = "YFull" /> *******Haplogroup G3a1a – Tibetan (

Shigatse Shigatse, officially known as Xigazê () or Rikaze ( zh, s=日喀则, p=Rìkāzé), is a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Its area of jurisdiction, with an area of , corresponds to the histo ...

), Sherpa, Naxi, Hani *******Haplogroup G3a1b – Tibet ( Nagqu), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan) *******Haplogroup G3a1c (C2389A) - skeletal remains of Bo people from Chang'an Township, Weixin County, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China and similar people from Yangxu Town, Youjiang District, Baise, Guangxi, China and Tham Lod rockshelter, Pang Mapha District, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand ******Haplogroup G3a1'2-A12661G - Uyghur ******Haplogroup G3a2 MRCA 12,600 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 30,200) ybpref name = "YFull" /> *******Haplogroup G3a2* – Taiwan (Minnan) *******Haplogroup G3a2-T152C!!! ********Haplogroup G3a2-T152C!!!* – Udegey ( Agzu), Korea, Japan ********Haplogroup G3a2a – Japan, Korean, Uzbek ********Haplogroup G3a2b (C13209T) - Uyghur *********Haplogroup G3a2b1 (G13718C) - China (Eastern China, Shandong) *****Haplogroup G3a3 MRCA 12,900 (95% CI 6,000 <-> 24,200) ybpref name = "YFull" /> – China, Buryat (Khori from Khorinsky District), Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Albania, United Kingdom ******Haplogroup G3a3a (G16156A) - China, Uyghur ( Artux) *******Haplogroup G3a3a1 (A390G) - Inner Mongolia ********Haplogroup G3a3a1a (C2263A) - Uyghur *********Haplogroup G3a3a1a1 (A3523G) - Bashkortostan ****Haplogroup G3b MRCA 17,800 (95% CI 12,800 <-> 24,100) ybpref name = "YFull" /> - India (Lachungpa), Tibetan (

), Lhoba *****Haplogroup G3b1 – Tibet ( Tibetan from Nyingchi, Tibetan from Tingri, Monpa, Deng), IndiaMtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> ( Dirang Monpa) *****Haplogroup G3b2 - China, Tibet ( Monpa, Qinghai), Thailand ( from the southwest of , from

Origins

Haplogroup M1

Haplogroup M23

Asian origin hypothesis

African origin hypothesis

Dispersal

Distribution

Subgroups distribution

Subclades

Tree

Notable members

See also

References

External links