Hans Johst

Hanns Johst (8 July 1890 – 23 November 1978) was a German poet and playwright, directly aligned with Nazi philosophy, as a member of the officially approved writers’ organisations in the Third Reich. The statement “When I hear the word culture, I reach for my gun”, variously misattributed to Heinrich Himmler, Joseph Goebbels and Hermann Göring, was in fact a corrupted version of a line in his play ''Schlageter''.

Background

Hanns Johst was born in Seerhausen (now part of Stauchitz) in the Kingdom of Saxony as the son of an elementary school teacher. He grew up in Oschatz and Leipzig. As a juvenile he planned to become a missionary. When he was 17 years old he worked as an auxiliary in a Bethel Institution. In 1910 he earned his Abitur in Leipzig and then started studying medicine and philosophy and—later—history of art. He volunteered for the army in 1914. In 1918 he settled down in Allmannshausen (part of Berg) at the Starnberger See.

Early work

His early work is influenced by Expressionism. Examples include ''Der Anfang'' (''The Beginning'') (1917) and ''Der König'' (''The King'') (1920). Later, he turned to a naturalist philosophy in plays such as ''Wechsler und Händler'' (''Money changers and Traders'') (1923) and ''Thomas Paine'' (1927).

Bertolt Brecht's first play ''Baal'' was written in response to Johst's play ''Der Einsame'' (''The Lonely''), a dramatization of the life of playwright Christian Dietrich Grabbe. In 1928 Johst joined Alfred Rosenberg's "Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur" (Militant League for German Culture) designed to combat Jewish influence in German culture. In 1932 he joined the Nazi party, explaining his agreement with Hitler's ideology in the essay "Standpunkt und Fortschritt" ("Standpoint and Progress") in 1933.

''Schlageter''

When the Nazis achieved power in 1933, Johst wrote the play ''Schlageter'', an expression of Nazi ideology which was performed on Hitler's 44th birthday, 20 April 1933, to celebrate his victory. It was a heroic biography of the proto-Nazi martyr Albert Leo Schlageter. The famous line "When I hear the word culture, I reach for my gun", often associated with Nazi leaders, derives from this play. The actual line in the play is, however, slightly different: "Wenn ich Kultur höre … entsichere ich meinen Browning!" "When I hear 'Culture'... I release the safety catch on my Browning!" (Act 1, Scene 1). It is spoken by another character in conversation with the young Schlageter. In the scene Schlageter and his wartime comrade Friedrich Thiemann are studying for a college examination, but then start debating whether it is worthwhile doing so when the nation is not free. Thiemann argues that he would prefer to fight rather than study.

The line is frequently misattributed, sometimes to Hermann Göring and sometimes to Heinrich Himmler. In December 2007, historian David Starkey misattributed it to Joseph Goebbels in comments criticizing Queen Elizabeth II for being "poorly educated and philistine". It has also been adapted by, for example Stephen Hawking as "When I hear of Schrödinger's cat, I reach for my pistol" and by filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard in his 1963 film '' Le Mépris'', when a producer says to Fritz Lang: "Whenever I hear the word culture, I bring out my checkbook." Lang evokes the original line when he answers "Some years ago—some horrible years ago—the Nazis used to take out a pistol instead of a checkbook." Songwriter Clint Conley of Mission of Burma titled a song he wrote in 1981 " That's When I Reach for My Revolver".
In 1994, Tuli Kupferberg wrote the book ''When I Hear the Word 'Culture' I Reach for My Gun''. In 2008 he wrote a book, ''Cartoons Collages and Perverbs'' icwith a cartoon in it reading "WHEN I HEAR THE WORD 'GUN' I REACH FOR MY CULTURE".

Role in Nazi Germany

On 1 November 1932, Johst joined the Nazi Party (membership number 1,352,376). In 1933, Johst signed the '' Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft'', a declaration of loyalty to Hitler by pro-Nazi writers.88 "writers", from ''Letters of Heinrich and Thomas Mann, 1900–1949, Volume 12 of Weimar and Now: German Cultural Criticism'', University of California Press 1998
, p. 367–8 Johst was named First Chairman of the ''Deutsche Akademie für Dichtung'' (German Academy for Poetry) on 9 June 1933, and on 15 January 1934, Prussian Minister President Hermann Göring appointed him a member of the Prussian State Council. Succeeding Hans-Friedrich Blunck in October 1935, Johst became the President of the ''Reichsschrifttumskammer'' (Reich Writers Chamber) a powerful organisation for German writers. In the same year, the last prominent Jewish writers, e.g. Martin Buber, were expelled from the ''Reichsschrifttumskammer''. By this time these organisations restricted membership to writers whose work was either explicitly pro-Nazi or at least approved of by the Nazis as non-degenerate. Johst achieved other positions of importance within the Nazi state, and he was named in the Gottbegnadeten list of September 1944 as one of the Reich's most important artists. He joined the ''Allgemeine-SS'' on 9 November 1935 (SS member number 274,576) and rose to the rank of SS-''Gruppenführer'' on 30 January 1942. During the war he held various positions within the SS, including on the personal staff of ''Reichsführer-SS'' Heinrich Himmler, which Thomas Mann stated was the reason that several charges of pedophilia and abuse of children were dropped against Johst in the winter of 1944.

Quotations

Post-war

After the war Johst was interned, and on 7 July 1949 a Munich denazification tribunal classified him as a "fellow traveler". An appeal process ended in 1949 with his reclassification as a "main culprit" and a three-and-a-half-year labor camp sentence (the time Johst had already served). After his release from prison and further denazification proceedings in 1951, he was classified as “incriminated”. In 1955, Johst obtained an overturning of this decision and the termination of the proceedings at the public expense. He was thus effectively rehabilitated.

In the Soviet Occupation Zone, many of his works were placed on the banned books list, with the exception of ''Der Anfang. Roman'' (1917), ''Der Ausländer'' (1916), ''Ave Eva'' (1932), ''Lieder der Sehnsucht. Gedichte'' (1924), ''Der junge Mensch. Szenarium'' (1916), ''Mutter. Gedichte'' (1921), ''Mutter ohne Tod. Begegnung'' (1933), ''Stroh'' (1916), ''Die Stunde der Sterbenden'' (1914), ''Torheit einer Liebe. Roman'' (1931) and ''Wegwärts. Gedichte'' (1916).

In the Federal Republic of Germany, Johst could no longer gain publication as a writer but, after 1952, he wrote poems under the pseudonym "Odemar Oderich" for the Edeka supermarkets customer magazine, "Die kluge Hausfrau".Ernst Klee. "Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich." The Cultural Lexicon for the Third Reich" Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 286.Jürgen P. Wallmann
"Hanns Johst", review by Rolf Düsterberg.
/ref> Johst attempted to publish a book in 1953, which he had completed and revised at the end of 1943, but failed to find a publisher. He died on 23 November 1978 in an old people's home in Ruhpolding.

Works

Novels, stories, novellas

* ''Der Anfang'', 1917 he Beginning* ''Der Kreuzweg'', 1921 tations of the Cross* ''Consuela'', 1924
* ''Consuela. Aus dem Tagebuch einer Spitzbergenfahrt'', 1925 onsuela: Excerpts From a Diary About a Trip to Spitsbergen* ''So gehen sie hin'', 1930 o They Vanish* ''Die Begegnung'', 1930 he Encounter* ''Die Torheit einer Liebe'', 1931 he Foolishness of a Love* ''Ave Maria'', 1932
* ''Mutter ohne Tod. Die Begegnung'', 1933 other Without Death (i.e. undying). The encounter* ''Maske und Gesicht'', 1935 ask and Face* ''Erzählungen'', 1944 tories* ''Gesegnete Vergänglichkeit'', 1955 lessed Mortality

Drama

* ''Stunde der Sterbenden'', 1914 our of the Dying* ''Strof'', 1915
* ''Der junge Mensch'', 1916 he Young Person* ''Der Ausländer'', 1916 he Foreigner* ''Stroh'', 1916 traw* ''Der Einsame'', 1917 he Lonely* ''Der König'', 1920 he King* ''Propheten'', 1922 rophets* ''Wechsler und Händler'', 1923 oney Changers and Traders* ''Die fröhliche Stadt'', 1925 he Happy City* ''Der Herr Monsieur'', 1926 ister Monsieur* ''Thomas Paine'', 1927
* ''Schlageter'', 1933
* ''Fritz Todt. Requiem'', 1943

Poetry

* ''Wegwärts'', 1916 ay-Bound* ''Rolandruf'', 1918 oland's Call* ''Mutter'', 1921 other* ''Lieder der Sehnsucht'', 1924 ongs of Longing* ''Briefe und Gedichte von einer Reise durch Italien und durch die Wüste'', 1926 etters and Poems About a Journey Through Italy and the Desert* ''Die Straße. Gedichte und Gesänge'', 1941. he Road: Poems and Songs.* ''Im Tal der Sterne. Liebeslieder. Mutterlieder'', 1943. n the Valley of Stars: Love Songs, Mother-Songs

Essays, speeches, propaganda articles et al.

* ''Dramatisches Schaffen'', 1922 ramatic Creativity* ''Wissen und Gewissen'', 1924 nowledge and Conscience* ''Ich glaube! Bekenntnisse'', 1928 believe! Declarations of Faith* ''Meine Erde heißt Deutschland'', 1938 y World is Called Germany* ''Ruf des Reiches, Echo des Volkes'', 1940 all of the Reich, Echo of the People* ''Hanns Johst spricht zu dir (Sammelausgabe)'', 1942 anns Johst Talks to You. Combined edition

References

External links

*
German text of Schlageter Schauspiel
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johst, Hanns
1890 births
1978 deaths
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German male writers
German Army personnel of World War I
German male dramatists and playwrights
German prisoners of war in World War II
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Militant League for German Culture members
Nazi Party members
People from Meissen (district)
Writers from the Kingdom of Saxony
SS-Gruppenführer
Writers from Saxony