Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten (5 March 1770 – 3 May 1848) was a
Prussian Field Marshal
Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons a ...
who was prominent during the
Napoleonic Wars
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Napoleonic Wars
, partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
, image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg
, caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...
, particularly in the
Hundred Days
The Hundred Days ( ), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition (), marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII o ...
where he took part in several battles in the
Waterloo Campaign
The Waterloo campaign, also known as the Belgian campaign (15 June – 8 July 1815) was fought between the French Army of the North (France), Army of the North and two War of the Seventh Coalition, Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied arm ...
such as the
Battle of Ligny
The Battle of Ligny, in which French troops of the under the command of Napoleon I defeated part of a Prussian army under Field Marshal Blücher, was fought on 16 June 1815 near Ligny in what is now Belgium. The result was a tactical victor ...
and the
Battle of Issy
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
.
Early life
He was born in
Dechtow in the
Margraviate of Brandenburg
The Margraviate of Brandenburg () was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that, having electoral status although being quite poor, grew rapidly in importance after inheriting the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 and then came ...
; he was not related to the
Frederician general
Hans Joachim von Zieten.
He became an adjutant to the then
lieutenant general
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the battlefield, who was norma ...
, later field marshal,
Count von Kalkreuth, who gained dubious fame in
Prussian military history. He accompanied him during the campaigns on the
Rhine
The Rhine ( ) is one of the List of rivers of Europe, major rivers in Europe. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein border, then part of the Austria–Swit ...
, particularly the
Battle of Kaiserslautern
The Battle of Kaiserslautern (28–30 November 1793) saw a Coalition army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel oppose a First French Republic, Republican French army led by Lazare Hoche. Three days of conflict resul ...
, and remained with him for a total of fourteen years. On December 7, 1793, he became a
captain
Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police depa ...
in the army, on November 11, 1799, he became inspection adjutant of the West and South Prussian cavalry inspection, and on June 12, 1800, he was promoted to major. In the meantime, he married Countess Josephine Clementine Berlo from a
Luxembourg
Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembour ...
family on January 31, 1797, who was born on January 2, 1776.
Napoleonic Wars
Fourth Coalition
After the
Battle of Auerstädt
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force c ...
,
Kalkreuth sent him to negotiate a twelve-hour ceasefire with
Davout for the burial of the dead and the evacuation of the wounded, which
Davout, however, refused. During the
Battle of Eylau
The Battle of Eylau (also known as the Battle of Preussisch-Eylau) was a bloody and strategically inconclusive battle on 7 and 8 February 1807 between Napoleon's and the Imperial Russian Army under the command of General Levin August von Be ...
, he commanded the 1st Hussar (Outpost) Brigade (4 squadrons of Württemberg Hussars, Fusilier Battalion Wakenitz, a half-mounted battery) and soon found the opportunity to demonstrate his talent as a commander. Promoted to
lieutenant colonel on May 21, 1807, after the
Battle of Friedland
The Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire commanded by Napoleon I and the armies of the Russian Empire led by General Levin August von Bennigsen. Napoleon and t ...
, he had to cover the retreat of
L'Estocq's Corps on the road to
Königsberg
Königsberg (; ; ; ; ; ; , ) is the historic Germany, German and Prussian name of the city now called Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was founded in 1255 on the site of the small Old Prussians, Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teuton ...
, suffering significant losses in his brigade. At
Labiau, he engaged in a fierce battle on the 17th with the pursuing troops of
Davout, which once again inflicted heavy losses and revealed serious deficiencies in his troops.
On February 18, 1809, he became the commander of the first Silesian Hussar Regiment and was promoted to colonel on June 1, 1809. At that time, he was considered by
Scharnhorst's to be a highly skilled and well-recommended officer (among others by
L'Estocq's), which is why he was promoted out of turn. However, an instruction he issued on March 10, 1810, “for the troops attached to the line infantry,” revealed that he was not yet fully aligned with modern military concepts, as he showed only a limited understanding of the training of skirmishers. During the reorganization of the army, he was also sent to the commission under
Scharnhorst's chairmanship for drafting the cavalry exercise regulations.
Sixth Coalition
On December 12, 1809, he was entrusted with the provisional command of the Upper Silesian Cavalry Brigade and became a
major general on March 30, 1813. His brigade, belonging to
Blücher's Corps, played a distinguished role in the
Battle of Lutzen, fighting particularly for the possession of Kleingörschen with varying success.
Prince Leopold of Hesse-Homburg fell beside him, whom he had unsuccessfully tried to rescue from danger. A highly successful military feat was achieved by him during the brilliant cavalry
Battle of Haynau on May 26.
Entrusted by
Blücher with its command, he lured the troops of French
General Maison into an ambush, inflicting significant losses on them at the right moment from his position at the mill in Baudmannsdorf by igniting it as a signal for the attack, which greatly aided the Prussian-Russian troops retreating from
Bautzen
Bautzen () or Budyšin (), until 1868 ''Budissin'' in German, is a town in eastern Saxony, Germany, and the administrative centre of the Bautzen (district), district of Bautzen. It is located on the Spree (river), Spree river, is the eighth most ...
to
Liegnitz
Legnica (; , ; ; ) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the Kaczawa River and the Czarna Woda. As well as being the seat of the county, since 1992 the city has been the seat of the Diocese of Legnica. L ...
and particularly enhanced the prestige of the allied armies just before the conclusion of the
Truce of Pläswitz, revitalizing the troops’ morale. The raid at
Haynau earned Zieten the
Iron Cross
The Iron Cross (, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire (1871–1918), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The design, a black cross pattée with a white or silver outline, was derived from the in ...
1st Class.
After the
armistice
An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from t ...
ended, Zieten served as chief of the 11th Brigade belonging to the 2nd
Kleist Corps at the main army. In the
Battle of Dresden
The Battle of Dresden (26–27 August 1813) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle took place around the city of Dresden in modern-day Germany. With the recent addition of Austria, the Sixth Coalition felt emboldened in t ...
on August 26 and 27, he fought with some success for the Große Garten after capturing Strehlen. He significantly contributed to the decision at
Kulm by covering the rear of
Kleist Corps, engaging in a lively
skirmish
Skirmishers are light infantry or light cavalry soldiers deployed as a vanguard, flank guard or rearguard to Screening (tactical), screen a tactical position or a larger body of friendly troops from enemy advances. They may be deployed in a sk ...
with
Marshal Saint-Cyr at Glashütte, and blocking the road by occupying the southern edge of the
Jungfernwald behind
Nollendorf amid persistent and difficult fighting due to the deteriorating road conditions.
After the battle, he stayed as an
advance guard. He was actively involved in the skirmishes leading up to the
Battle of Leipzig
The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I, Karl von Schwarzenberg, and G ...
and was assigned with his
brigade
A brigade is a major tactical military unit, military formation that typically comprises three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment. Two or more brigades may constitute ...
to the corps of
Austrian General von Klenau shortly before the decisive battle, securing on October 16 (Wachau) the connection between
Klenau's Corps and
Wittgenstein’s Corps. On the 18th, he made several unsuccessful attempts to take Stötteritz at the order of
Barclay de Tolly after the successful defense of Zuckelhausen. Later, he captured the village of
Probstheida, which had been set ablaze by his
artillery
Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...
.
In the following winter
campaign on French soil, Zieten, now part of
Kleist Corps of
Blücher's army and since December 8, 1813, a
lieutenant general
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the battlefield, who was norma ...
, repeatedly found himself in action at crucial moments with his newly formed troops (mainly
Silesians
Silesians (; Silesian German: ''Schläsinger'' ''or'' ''Schläsier''; ; ; ) is both an ethnic as well as a geographical term for the inhabitants of Silesia, a historical region in Central Europe divided by the current national boundaries o ...
), particularly on February 14, 1814, in the
Battle of Vauchamps
The Battle of Vauchamps (14 February 1814) was the final major engagement of the Six Days Campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition. It resulted in a part of the under Napoleon I defeating a superior Prussian and Russian force of the Army o ...
, where, after driving
Marmont back to Fromentieres the day before, he was encircled by
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
himself at
Vauchamps and had to retreat to the main body after exceedingly brave and prudent resistance under heavy losses that nearly exhausted his brigade.
On March 9 at
Laon
Laon () is a city in the Aisne Departments of France, department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
History
Early history
The Ancient Diocese of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held s ...
, at the head of the cavalry of
Yorck's and
Kleist's Corps (30 squadrons), he executed a large-scale night flanking maneuver through marshy terrain in a brilliant manner, leading to a complete victory. Zieten’s troops captured the majority of the 45 cannons and 131 supply wagons taken during the
Battle of Laon
The Battle of Laon, fought on March 9–10, 1814, was a pivotal engagement during the waning months of the Napoleonic Wars.
Prelude
Following his costly success at the Battle of Craonne, Napoleon sought to exploit the disarray within Genera ...
. After the
first Battle for Paris, he took command of the second army corps in place of
Kleist's.
Hundred Days
During the
Waterloo Campaign
The Waterloo campaign, also known as the Belgian campaign (15 June – 8 July 1815) was fought between the French Army of the North (France), Army of the North and two War of the Seventh Coalition, Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied arm ...
of 1815, Lieutenant-General von Zieten commanded the Prussian I Corps. The corps fought a holding action against the
French on 15 June, and was heavily engaged against the French the next day at the
Battle of Ligny
The Battle of Ligny, in which French troops of the under the command of Napoleon I defeated part of a Prussian army under Field Marshal Blücher, was fought on 16 June 1815 near Ligny in what is now Belgium. The result was a tactical victor ...
, and then again two days later on 18 June at the
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo, Belgium, Waterloo (then in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium), marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The French Imperial Army (1804–1815), Frenc ...
.
On 1 July, Zieten's I Corps participated in the
Battle of Issy
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
just outside the walls of
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
. At the end of the campaign on 7 July, his corps was granted the honour of being the first major Coalition force to enter Paris.
Later life
King
Frederick William III of Prussia
Frederick William III (; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840. He was concurrently Elector of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, when the empire was dissolved ...
granted Zieten the title of ''
Graf
(; feminine: ) is a historical title of the German nobility and later also of the Russian nobility, usually translated as "count". Considered to be intermediate among noble ranks, the title is often treated as equivalent to the British title ...
'', or
count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
, on 3 September 1817.
At the age of 69, he was promoted to ''
Generalfeldmarschall
''Generalfeldmarschall'' (; from Old High German ''marahscalc'', "marshal, stable master, groom"; ; often abbreviated to ''Feldmarschall'') was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (''Reichsgeneralfeldmarsch ...
'' on 9 September 1839.
Zieten died in
Warmbrunn.
Military record
;Key to opponent flags
;Key to outcome
Indicates a favorable outcome
Indicates an unfavorable outcome
Indicates an uncertain outcome
References and notes
Notes
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zieten, Hans Ernst Karl von
1770 births
1848 deaths
People from Ostprignitz-Ruppin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Counts in Germany
Field marshals of Prussia
Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
People of the Battle of Waterloo
Military personnel from Brandenburg
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath