The ''Groupe du musée de l'Homme'' ( French for 'Group of the Museum of Man') was a movement in the

French resistance The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...

to the

German occupation German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly occupied and civil-occupied (including puppet governments) by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 an ...

during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

. In July 1940, after the

Appeal of 18 June The Appeal of 18 June (french: L'Appel du 18 juin) was the first speech made by Charles de Gaulle after his arrival in London in 1940 following the Battle of France. Broadcast to Vichy France by the radio services of the British Broadcasting Cor ...

from

Charles de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; ; (commonly abbreviated as CDG) 22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government ...

, a resistance group was created by

intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for the normative problems of society. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or a ...

s and

academic An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...

s led by

Anatole Lewitsky Anatole Lewitsky (22 August 1903 – 23 February 1942) was a French anthropologist and member of the French Resistance in World War II. He was head of the European-Asiatic department at the Musée de l'Homme, and a world authority on Siberian s ...

and

Boris Vildé Boris Vildé (25 June Old Style/8 July 1908 – 23 February 1942) was a linguist and ethnographer at the Musée de l'Homme, in Paris, France. He specialised in polar civilizations. He was born in St. Petersburg into a family of Eastern Orthodox Ru ...

, along with Paul Hauet. They were not Gaullists; since they were prisoners of war (Vildé escaped on 5 July and Lewitsky was freed in August), it is highly improbable that they had heard de Gaulle's broadcast. However, once Gaullist propaganda took hold, with its message of escape from dishonour, the group fell in with it.

Germaine Tillion Germaine Tillion (30 May 1907 – 18 April 2008) was a French ethnologist, best known for her work in Algeria in the 1950s on behalf of the French government. A member of the French resistance, she spent time in the Ravensbrück concentration ...

said, "I do not remember from what date we started to call ourselves Gaullists: it was not at the beginning at any rate. But we did consider General de Gaulle to be right, or at least to be a man who thought as we did. But we knew nothing about him". They were joined by other groups in September.

Raymond Burgard Raymond Burgard (15 September 1892 in Troyes – 15 June 1944 in Cologne) was a French Resistance worker. Life alsace, Alsatian in origin, he graduated in grammar in 1928. In September 1937, he was made literature professor at lycée Buffon in ...

René Iché René Iché (21 January 1897 – 23 December 1954) was a 20th-century French sculptor. Life and work René Iché was born in Sallèles-d'Aude, France. He fought in World War I, where he was injured and gassed. After the war, he earned a degre ...

Claude Aveline Claude Aveline, pen name of Evgen Avtsine (19 July 1901 – 4 November 1992), was a writer, publisher, editor, poet and member of the French Resistance. Aveline, who was born in Paris, France, has authored numerous books and writings througho ...

Marcel Abraham Marcel may refer to: People * Marcel (given name), people with the given name Marcel * Marcel (footballer, born August 1981), Marcel Silva Andrade, Brazilian midfielder * Marcel (footballer, born November 1981), Marcel Augusto Ortolan, Brazilian ...

Jean Cassou Jean Cassou (9 July 1897 – 15 January 1986) was a French writer, art critic, poet, member of the French Resistance during World War II and the first Director of the Musée national d'Art moderne in Paris. Biography Jean Cassou was born at Bi ...

(who launched the newspaper ''Résistance''),

René-Yves Creston René-Yves Creston (25 October 1898 – 30 May 1964), born René Pierre Joseph Creston, was a Breton artist, designer and ethnographer who founded the Breton nationalist art movement Seiz Breur. During World War II he was active in the French Res ...

, Germaine Tillion and her mother, Émilie Tillion, were also part of the network. To prevent their meetings from attracting the attention of the Germans and the French police, they set up a "literary society", ''Les amis d'

Alain-Fournier Alain-Fournier () was the pseudonym of Henri-Alban Fournier (3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914Mémoi ...

'' (The Friends of Alain-Fournier).

Members of the group

Jules Andrieu Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). It is the given name of: People with the name *Jules Aarons (1921–2008), American space physicist and photographer *Jules Abadie (1876–195 ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien,

Suresnes Suresnes () is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France. Located in Hauts-de-Seine, from the centre of Paris, it had a population of 49,145 as of 2016. The nearest communes are Nanterre, Puteaux, Rueil-Malmaison, Saint-Cloud an ...

) *

(1901–1992) *

Jean Blanzat Jean Blanzat (6 January 1906, Domps, Haute-Vienne – 6 November 1977, age 71) was a French novelist and a member of the French Resistance. Biography After a literary debut noticed in the magazine ''Europe'' in 1929 in which he published his fi ...

Jacqueline Bordelet Jacqueline may refer to: People * Jacqueline (given name), including a list of people with the name * Jacqueline Moore (born 1964), ring name "Jacqueline", American professional wrestler Arts and entertainment * ''Jacqueline'' (1923 film), ...

Pierre Brossolette Pierre Brossolette (25 June 1903 – 22 March 1944) was a French journalist, left-wing politician and major hero of the French Resistance in World War II. He ran an intelligence hub of Parisian resistance at the Rue de la Pompe, before servi ...

, (1903- died in detention in 1944 / 22.3.1944) *

, beheaded in 1944 (in

Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western States of Germany, state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 m ...

Köln Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 million ...

), also a member of the Combat Zone North *Jean-Paul Carrier * *

, launched the newspaper ''Résistance'' (1897–1986) *

, ethnologist and

Breton Breton most often refers to: *anything associated with Brittany, and generally ** Breton people ** Breton language, a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken in Brittany ** Breton (horse), a breed **Ga ...

nationalist *Christiane Desroches Noblecourt * Colette Duval (Colette Vivier) * Jean Duval * René-Georges Étienne *Valentin Feldman * Marcel Fleisser (-1945) * Jeanne Goupille * Jean Hamburger * Colonel Paul Hauet, co-founder of the network, died during deportation / died in the KZ Neuengamme *

Daniel Héricault Daniel is a masculine given name and a surname of Hebrew origin. It means "God is my judge"Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 68. (cf. Gabriel—"God is my strength" ...

Agnès Humbert Agnès Humbert (12 October 1894 – 19 September 1963) was an art historian, ethnographer and a member of the French Resistance during World War II. She has become well known through the publication of a translation of the diary of her experience ...

, deported *

* Georges Ithier, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien,

) *

Jean Jaudel Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

(1910–2006) * Albert Jubineau *( Colonel) Charles de La Rochère died in Sonnenburg * (Comte) Jehan de Launoy *

Michel Leiris Julien Michel Leiris (; 20 April 1901 in Paris – 30 September 1990 in Saint-Hilaire, Essonne) was a French surrealist writer and ethnographer. Part of the Surrealist group in Paris, Leiris became a key member of the College of Sociology with ...

* Sylvette Leleu *Renée Lévy *

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes), adjunct to Vildé *Suzanne Lhuillier * Éveline Lot-Falck * (Capitain) Ernest Massip * Marie-Josette Massip * Thérèse Massip * Jaques Monod *

Léon Maurice Nordmann Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again fro ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *

Yvonne Oddon Yvonne Oddon (1902–1982) was one of the leaders in the reformation of French libraries and a member of the French Resistance in World War II. Biography Yvonne Oddon was born in Gap, Hautes-Alpes to a Protestant family. After secondary school ...

Jean Paulhan Jean Paulhan (2 December 1884 – 9 October 1968) was a French writer, literary critic and publisher, director of the literary magazine ''Nouvelle Revue Française'' (NRF) from 1925 to 1940 and from 1946 to 1968. He was a member (Seat 6, 1963–68 ...

*Maguy Perrier *Germaine Quoniam *

Paul Rivet Paul Rivet (7 May 1876, Wasigny, Ardennes – 21 March 1958) was a French ethnologist known for founding the Musée de l'Homme in 1937. In his professional work, Rivet is known for his theory that South America was originally populated in p ...

René Sanson René ('' born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name (Renée being the feminin ...

* Colette Sanson *

René Sénéchal René ('' born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name ( Renée being the femin ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) * Alice Simmonet * Henri Simmonet * Emilie Tillion, died while being deported to Ravensbrück in 1945 *

, head of the adjunct network around Hauet with the rank of ''commandant'' from 1941 to 1942, deported to Ravensbrück *

, co-founder and leader of the network, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *

Pierre Walter Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...

, shot in February 1942 ( Mont-Valérien, Suresnes) *Henri Waquet *

André Weil-Curriel André — sometimes transliterated as Andre — is the French and Portuguese language, Portuguese form of the name Andrew, and is now also used in the English-speaking world. It used in France, Quebec, Canada and other French language, French-s ...

* Therese de Liniers ? *Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz ?

References

Bibliography

* AERI, ''La Résistance en Ile de France'', DVD-Rom, 2004 (fiches

). * Martin Blumenson, ''Le Réseau du Musée de l'Homme'', Éditions Le Seuil, Paris, 1979. * Sean Carroll, ''Brave Genius: A Scientist, A Philosopher, and their Daring Adventures from the French Resistance to the Nobel Prize'', Crown Publishers, New York, 2013. * Agnès Humbert, ''Résistance: A Woman's Journal of Struggle and Defiance in Occupied France'', translated by Barbara Mellor, Bloomsbury, New York, 2008. * Alan Riding, ''And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2010 (chapter six, "Resistance as an Idea," on the musée de l'Homme group).

External links (French)

Le musée de l'Homme on the site ''Chemins de Mémoire''

L'histoire du réseau du musée de l'Homme

Site du musée Boris Vildé
{{DEFAULTSORT:Groupe Du Musee De L'Homme French Resistance networks and movements 1940 establishments in France Organizations established in 1940