George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American adventurer, lawyer, painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the

Old West The American frontier, also known as the Old West or the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that began with European colonial ...

. Traveling to the

American West The Western United States (also called the American West, the Far West, and the West) is the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. As American settlement in the U.S. expanded westward, the meaning of the term ''the Wes ...

five times during the 1830s, Catlin wrote about and painted portraits that depicted the life of the

Plains Indians Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of N ...

. His early work included engravings, drawn from nature, of sites along the route of the

Erie Canal The Erie Canal is a historic canal in upstate New York that runs east-west between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Completed in 1825, the canal was the first navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, vastly reducing t ...

in New York State. Several of his renderings were published in one of the first printed books to use lithography,

Cadwallader D. Colden Cadwallader David Colden (April 4, 1769 – February 7, 1834) was an American politician who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City and a U.S. Representative from New York. Early life Colden was born at Turtle Playground (Queens), Spring Hil ...

's ''Memoir, Prepared at the Request of a Committee of the Common Council of the City of New York, and Presented to the Mayor of the City, at the Celebration of the Completion of the New York Canals'', published in 1825, with early images of the City of Buffalo.

Background and education

George Catlin was born in 1796 in

Wilkes-Barre Wilkes-Barre ( or ) is a city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Luzerne County. Located at the center of the Wyoming Valley in Northeastern Pennsylvania, it had a population of 44,328 in the 2020 census. It is the secon ...

Luzerne County, Pennsylvania Luzerne County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and is water. It is Northeastern Pennsylvania's second-largest county by total area. As of ...

. While growing up, George encountered "trappers, hunters, explorers and settlers who stayed with his family on their travels west." As his father had trained at

Litchfield Law School The Litchfield Law School of Litchfield, Connecticut, was the first independent law school established in America for reading law. Founded and led by lawyer Tapping Reeve, the proprietary school was unaffiliated with any college or university. (Wh ...

, George was sent there when he was 17, although he disliked the field of law. He was admitted to the Bar in 1819 and practiced law for two years before giving it up to travel and study art. In 1823, he studied art in Philadelphia and became known for his work as a

portrait A portrait is a portrait painting, painting, portrait photography, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expressions are predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, Personality type ...

ist. After a meeting with "tribal delegation of Indians from the western frontier, Catlin became eager to preserve a record of Native American customs and individuals."

Travels

Catlin began his journey in 1830 when he accompanied Governor

William Clark William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor. A native of Virginia, he grew up in pre-statehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Misso ...

on a diplomatic mission up the

Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it f ...

into Native American territory.

St. Louis St. Louis () is the second-largest city in Missouri, United States. It sits near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while the bi-state metropolitan area, which e ...

became Catlin's base of operations for five trips he took between 1830 and 1836, eventually visiting fifty tribes. Two years later he ascended the Missouri River more than 3000 km (1900 miles) to Fort Union Trading Post, near what is now the North Dakota-Montana border, where he spent several weeks among indigenous people who were still relatively untouched by European culture. He visited eighteen tribes, including the

Pawnee Pawnee initially refers to a Native American people and its language: * Pawnee people * Pawnee language Pawnee is also the name of several places in the United States: * Pawnee, Illinois * Pawnee, Kansas * Pawnee, Missouri * Pawnee City, Nebraska * ...

Omaha Omaha ( ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County. Omaha is in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about north of the mouth of the Platte River. The nation's 39th-largest city ...

, and

Ponca The Ponca ( Páⁿka iyé: Páⁿka or Ppáⁿkka pronounced ) are a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan language group. There are two federally recognized Ponca tribes: the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Ponca ...

in the south and the

Mandan The Mandan are a Native American tribe of the Great Plains who have lived for centuries primarily in what is now North Dakota. They are enrolled in the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation. About half of the Mandan still res ...

Hidatsa The Hidatsa are a Siouan people. They are enrolled in the federally recognized Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. Their language is related to that of the Crow, and they are sometimes considered a parent ...

Cheyenne The Cheyenne ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. Their Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian language family. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations: the Southern Cheyenne, who are enroll ...

Crow A crow is a bird of the genus '' Corvus'', or more broadly a synonym for all of ''Corvus''. Crows are generally black in colour. The word "crow" is used as part of the common name of many species. The related term "raven" is not pinned scientifica ...

Assiniboine The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people ( when singular, Assiniboines / Assiniboins when plural; Ojibwe: ''Asiniibwaan'', "stone Sioux"; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the endonym Nakota (or Nakoda ...

, and

Blackfeet The Blackfeet Nation ( bla, Aamsskáápipikani, script=Latn, ), officially named the Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana, is a federally recognized tribe of Siksikaitsitapi people with an Indian reservation in Monta ...

to the north. There he produced the most vivid and penetrating portraits of his career. During later trips along the

Arkansas Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the South Central United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, and Texas and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage ...

Red Red is the color at the long wavelength end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet. It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625–740 nanometres. It is a primary color in the RGB color model and a secondar ...

, and

Mississippi Mississippi () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee; to the east by Alabama; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico; to the southwest by Louisiana; and to the northwest by Arkansas. Miss ...

rivers, as well as visits to

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

and the

Great Lakes The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...

, he produced more than 500 paintings and gathered a substantial collection of artifacts.

Indigenous gallery

When Catlin returned east in 1838, he assembled the paintings and numerous artifacts into his Indian Gallery, and began delivering public lectures that drew on his personal recollections of life among the American Indians. Catlin traveled with his Indian Gallery to major cities such as

Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Allegheny County. It is the most populous city in both Allegheny County and Wester ...

Cincinnati Cincinnati ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line wit ...

, and New York. He hung his paintings "salon style"—side by side and one above another. Visitors identified each painting by the number on the frame, as listed in Catlin's catalogue. Soon afterward, he began a lifelong effort to sell his collection to the U.S. government. The touring Indian Gallery did not attract the paying public Catlin needed to stay financially sound, and the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

rejected his initial petition to purchase the works. In 1839 Catlin took his collection across the Atlantic for a tour of European capitals. As a showman and

entrepreneur Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value. With this definition, entrepreneurship is viewed as change, generally entailing risk beyond what is normally encountered in starting a business, which may include other values th ...

, he initially attracted crowds to his Indian Gallery in London, Brussels, and Paris. The French critic

Charles Baudelaire Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poetry, French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist and art critic. His poems exhibit mastery in the handling of rhyme and rhythm, contain an exoticis ...

remarked on Catlin's paintings, "He has brought back alive the proud and free characters of these chiefs, both their nobility and manliness." Catlin wanted to sell his Indian Gallery to the U.S. government to have his life's work preserved intact. His continued attempts to persuade various officials in Washington, D.C. to buy the collection failed. In 1852 he was forced to sell the original Indian Gallery, now 607 paintings, due to personal debts. The industrialist Joseph Harrison acquired the paintings and artifacts, which he stored in a factory in Philadelphia, as security. Catlin spent the last 20 years of his life trying to re-create his collection, and recreated more than 400 paintings. This second collection of paintings is known as the "Cartoon Collection", since the works are based on the outlines he drew of the works from the 1830s. In 1841 Catlin published ''Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians'', in two volumes, with approximately 300 engravings. Three years later he published 25 plates, entitled ''Catlin’s North American Indian Portfolio,'' and, in 1848, ''Eight Years' Travels and Residence in Europe''. From 1852 to 1857 he traveled through South and Central America and later returned for further exploration in the Far West. The record of these later years is contained in ''Last Rambles amongst the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes'' (1868) and ''My Life among the Indians'' (ed. by N. G. Humphreys, 1909). Paintings of his Spanish American Indians are published. In 1872, Catlin traveled to Washington, D.C. at the invitation of

Joseph Henry Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797– May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He was the secretary for the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, a precursor of the Smith ...

, the first secretary of the Smithsonian. Until his death later that year in

Jersey City, New Jersey Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark.Smithsonian American Art Museum The Smithsonian American Art Museum (commonly known as SAAM, and formerly the National Museum of American Art) is a museum in Washington, D.C., part of the Smithsonian Institution. Together with its branch museum, the Renwick Gallery, SAAM holds o ...

's collection. The associated Catlin artifacts are in the collections of the Department of Anthropology,

National Museum of Natural History The National Museum of Natural History is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States. It has free admission and is open 364 days a year. In 2021, with 7 ...

, Smithsonian. Some 700 sketches are held by the

American Museum of Natural History The American Museum of Natural History (abbreviated as AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. In Theodore Roosevelt Park, across the street from Central Park, the museum complex comprises 26 inter ...

, New York City. Some artifacts from Catlin are in the

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology—commonly known as the Penn Museum—is an archaeology and anthropology museum at the University of Pennsylvania. It is located on Penn's campus in the University City neighb ...

collections. The

Huntington Library The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, known as The Huntington, is a collections-based educational and research institution established by Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927) and Arabella Huntington (c.1851–1924) in San Mar ...

in San Marino, California also holds 239 of Catlin's illustrations of both North and South American Indians, as well as other illustrative and manuscript material by Catlin. The accuracy of some of Catlin's observations has been questioned. He claimed to be the first white man to see the Minnesota pipestone quarries, and pipestone was named

catlinite Catlinite, also called pipestone, is a type of argillite (metamorphosed mudstone), usually brownish-red in color, which occurs in a matrix of Sioux Quartzite. Because it is fine-grained and easily worked, it is prized by Native Americans, prim ...

. Catlin exaggerated various features of the site, and his boastful account of his visit aroused his critics, who disputed his claim of being the first white man to investigate the quarry. Previous recorded white visitors include the Groselliers and Radisson, Father

Louis Hennepin Father Louis Hennepin, O.F.M. baptized Antoine, (; 12 May 1626 – 5 December 1704) was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Recollet order (French: ''Récollets'') and an explorer of the interior of North Amer ...

, Baron de Lahontan, and others.

Lewis and Clark Lewis may refer to: Names * Lewis (given name), including a list of people with the given name * Lewis (surname), including a list of people with the surname Music * Lewis (musician), Canadian singer * "Lewis (Mistreated)", a song by Radiohead ...

noted the pipestone quarry in their journals in 1805. The fur trader

Philander Prescott Philander Prescott (September 17, 1801 – August 10, 1862) was the son of Dr. Joel Prescott and Phildelia Reed. He was a native of Phelps, Ontario County, New York. He headed west in the spring of 1819, stopping a few months in Detroit, Michigan, ...

had written another account of the area in 1831.

Later works

Le Chat d'Ostende is one of the most unusual paintings in Catlin's later oeuvre, dated '1868' and inscribed with the title on the stretcher. It has been called "a folky depiction of a playful cat that bore much of the same technique, wonderment and enthusiasm exhibited in the artist’s later depiction of Native Americans." After the sale of Catlin's Indian Gallery was rebuffed by Congress in May 1838, Catlin felt he could find a more receptive audience in Europe and moved his family to England in November 1839, then to Paris in 1845, and eventually lived in some obscurity in

Ostend Ostend ( nl, Oostende, ; french: link=no, Ostende ; german: link=no, Ostende ; vls, Ostende) is a coastal city and municipality, located in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerk ...

. In 1871, after an absence of more than three decades, Catlin returned to the United States and likely brought back the painting with him. It resurfaced in 1957 in the private collection of Lee B. Anderson, a pioneer collector of American art, and was subsequently sold at Christies for $47,000 on 24 May 2000. The painting reflects a playful quiet domesticity that contrasts sharply to the American bison, that thundered across the Great Plains of the American West in the millions. The majestic long haired cat itself bears some resemblance to a bison and exhibits a human-like face that may be a self-portrait given the play on words inherent in the subject matter and the artist's surname.

Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life

Catlin is also remembered for his research and writing on

mouth breathing Mouth breathing, medically known as chronic oral ventilation, is long-term breathing through the mouth. It often is caused by an obstruction to breathing through the nose, the innate breathing organ in the human body. Chronic mouth breathing ma ...

, inspired by observations made during his travels. This interest is linked to his non-fiction work, ''The Breath of Life''(later retitled as ''Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life'') in 1862. It was based on his experiences traveling through the West, where he observed a consistent lifestyle habit among all of the Native American communities he encountered: a preference for

nose breathing Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and from the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen. All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular ...

over

. He also observed that they had perfectly straight teeth. He repeatedly heard that this was because they believed that mouth breathing made an individual weak and caused disease, while nasal breathing made the body strong and prevented disease. He also observed that mothers repeatedly closed the mouth of their infants while they were sleeping, in order to instill nasal breathing as a habit. He thus wrote the book to document these observations, stating that "there is no person in society but who will find... improvement in health and enjoyment..." from keeping his or her mouth shut.

Family and death

George Catlin met Clara Bartlett Gregory in 1828 in her hometown of

Albany, New York Albany ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York, also the seat and largest city of Albany County. Albany is on the west bank of the Hudson River, about south of its confluence with the Mohawk River, and about north of New York City ...

. After their marriage, she accompanied him on one of his journeys west. They eventually had four children. Clara and his youngest son died while visiting Paris in 1845. Catlin died on December 23, 1872, aged 76 years in

Jersey City Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark.Hudson County, New Jersey Hudson County is the most densely populated county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It lies west of the lower Hudson River, which was named for Henry Hudson, the sea captain who explored the area in 1609. Part of New Jersey's Gateway Region in t ...

Honors

* National Rivers Hall of Fame, inducted 2001

In fiction

Catlin and his work figure repeatedly in the 2010 novel ''Shadow Tag'' by

Louise Erdrich Louise Erdrich ( ; born Karen Louise Erdrich, June 7, 1954) is an American author of novels, poetry, and children's books featuring Native American characters and settings. She is an enrolled member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indian ...

, where he is the subject of the unfinished doctoral dissertation by the character Irene America. His 1834 painting, ''Comanche Feats of Martial Horsemanship'', was featured in the 2nd episode of the HBO drama series, ''

Watchmen ''Watchmen'' is an American comic book Limited series (comics), maxiseries by the British creative team of writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons and colorist John Higgins (comics), John Higgins. It was published monthly by DC Comics in 1986 a ...

''.

Gallery

File:Catlin Chief Four Bears.jpg, Mah-to-toh-pe by

George Catlin George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American adventurer, lawyer, painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans in the Old West. Traveling to the We ...

File:Little Bear Hunkpapa Brave George Catlin.jpeg, ''Little Bear, Hunkpapa Brave'', 1832 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Oó-je-en-á-he-a SAAM-1985.66.166 1.jpg, ''Oó-je-en-á-he‑a, Woman Who Lives in a Bear’s Den'', 1832 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Sha-kó-ka, Mint SAAM-1985.66.134 1.jpg, ''Sha-kó-ka, Mint, a Pretty Girl'', 1832 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Pshán-shaw, Sweet-scented Gras SAAM-1985.66.125 1.jpg, Pshán-shaw, Sweet-scented Grass, Twelve-year-old Daughter of Bloody Hand'', 1832 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:George Catlin - South Side of Buffalo Island, Showing Buffalo Berries in the Foreground - 1985.66.387 - Smithsonian American Art Museum.jpg, South Side of Buffalo Island, Showing Buffalo Berries in the Foreground, 1832 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:George Catlin - The Cutting Scene, Mandan O-kee-pa Ceremony - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Cutting Scene, Mandan O-kee-pa Ceremony'', 1832 (

Denver Art Museum The Denver Art Museum (DAM) is an art museum located in the Civic Center of Denver, Colorado. With encyclopedic collections of more than 70,000 diverse works from across the centuries and world, the DAM is one of the largest art museums between t ...

) File:Mosholatubbee.jpg, '' Mó-sho-la-túb-bee, He Who Puts Out and Kills, Chief of the Choctaw Tribe'', 1834 File:Káh-kée-tsee,_Thighs,_a_Wichita_Woman_SAAM-1985.66.58_1.jpg, ''Koon-za-ya-me, Female War Eagle'', 1834 File:Shé-de-ah, Wild Sage, a Wichita Woman SAAM-1985.66.59 1.jpg, ''Shé-de-ah, Wild Sage, a Wichita Woman'', 1834 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Ball play dance.jpg, ''Ball-Play Dance'', (

Renwick Gallery The Renwick Gallery is a branch of the Smithsonian American Art Museum located in Washington, D.C. that displays American craft and decorative arts from the 19th to 21st century. The gallery is housed in a National Historic Landmark building that ...

, Washington D.C.) File:George Catlin - Wi-jún-jon, Pigeon's Egg Head (The Light) Going To and Returning From Washington - Google Art Project.jpg, ''

Wi-jún-jon Wi-jún-jon, also called Pigeon's Egg Head or The Light (1796–1872) was a Native American chief of the Assiniboine tribe, which was located in the Great Plains. He is best known as the subject of a painting by George Catlin, a dual portrait po ...

, Pigeon's Egg Head (The Light), Going To and Returning From Washington'', 1837–1839 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:George Catlin - Os-ce-o-lá, The Black Drink, a Warrior of Great Distinction - 1985.66.301 - Smithsonian American Art Museum.jpg, '' Os-ce-o-lá, The Black Drink, a Warrior of Great Distinction'', 1838 File:George Catlin - Mick-e-no-páh, Chief of the Tribe - 1985.66.300 - Smithsonian American Art Museum.jpg, ''Mick-e-no-páh, Chief of the Tribe'', 1838 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Joc-O-Sot The Walking Bear.jpg, ''Joc-O-Sot, The Walking Bear'', 1844 hand-colored lithograph by

File:George Catlin Attacking the Grizzly Bear.jpg, ''Attacking the

Grizzly Bear The grizzly bear (''Ursus arctos horribilis''), also known as the North American brown bear or simply grizzly, is a population or subspecies of the brown bear inhabiting North America. In addition to the mainland grizzly (''Ursus arctos horri ...

, no. 19'', 1844 File:Ru-ton-ye-wee-ma, Strutting Pigeon SAAM-1985.66.525 1.jpg, ''Ru-ton-ye-wee-ma, Strutting Pigeon, Wife of White Cloud'', 1844 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Ru-ton-wee-me, Pigeon on the Wing SAAM-1985.66.526 2.jpg, ''Ru-ton-wee-me, Pigeon on the Wing'', 1844 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Koon-za-ya-me, Female War Eagle SAAM-1985.66.528 1.jpg, ''Koon-za-ya-me, Female War Eagle, 1844 File:Buffalo Bull Grazing George Catlin 1845.jpeg, ''Buffalo Bull Grazing,'' lithograph, 1845 File:George Catlin - Ball-play of the Choctaw--Ball Up - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Ball-play of the Choctaw – Ball Up'', 1846–1850 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) File:Catlinpaint.jpg, ''

Tipis A tipi , often called a lodge in English, is a conical tent, historically made of animal hides or pelts, and in more recent generations of canvas, stretched on a framework of wooden poles. The word is Siouan, and in use in Dakhótiyapi, Lakȟó ...

'', File:Ball players.jpg, ''

Ball A ball is a round object (usually spherical, but can sometimes be ovoid) with several uses. It is used in ball games, where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. Balls can also be used f ...

players,'' hand-colored lithograph, unknown date File:George Catlin's travels in South America, 1852-1858.jpg, 'Mr Catlin's itinerary in South America, 1852-1858'

Works by Catlin

* Catlin, George (1834).
Comanche Feats of Martial Horsemanship
'' Retrieved October 29, 2019. * * * Catlin, George (1862). '' The Breath of Life'' (later retitled as '' Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life''). * *

Citations

General bibliography

Books

* * * * *

Articles

George Catlin on Mouth Breathing
at

PubMed PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintain the ...

Documents

George Catlin papers and illustrations
at The

George Catlin letters, 1827–1870
at The

Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois is an academic consortium of public and private university and research libraries in the state of Illinois. History The Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) ...

Guide to the George Catlin Papers
at

University of Kansas The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas, United States, and several satellite campuses, research and educational centers, medical centers, and classes across the state of Kansas. Tw ...

George Catlin papers, 1821–1904
at The

Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded ...

External links

George Catlin Biography
at Litchfield Historical Society
George Catlin Biography
at The

Smithsonian American Art Museum The Smithsonian American Art Museum (commonly known as SAAM, and formerly the National Museum of American Art) is a museum in Washington, D.C., part of the Smithsonian Institution. Together with its branch museum, the Renwick Gallery, SAAM holds o ...

George Catlin
at The

National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of char ...

George Catlin
at The

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, or VMFA, is an art museum in Richmond, Virginia, United States, which opened in 1936. The museum is owned and operated by the Commonwealth of Virginia. Private donations, endowments, and funds are used for the s ...

George Catlin: MONA collection artwork
at The

Museum of Nebraska Art The Museum of Nebraska Art (MONA) is the official art museum of the state of Nebraska. The museum is located in Kearney, Nebraska, and is administratively affiliated with the University of Nebraska at Kearney. The official charter of MONA makes ...

George Catlin
at

Cornell University Library The Cornell University Library is the library system of Cornell University. As of 2014, it holds over 8 million printed volumes and over a million ebooks. More than 90 percent of its current 120,000 Periodical literature, periodical titles are ...

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Catlin, George 19th-century American painters 19th-century American lawyers 1796 births 1872 deaths American frontier painters American male painters Artists of the American West Artists from Jersey City, New Jersey Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery Litchfield Law School alumni Native Americans in art Writers from Jersey City, New Jersey Writers from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 19th-century American male artists

Background and education

Travels

Indigenous gallery

Later works

Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life

Family and death

Honors

In fiction

Gallery

Works by Catlin

See also

Citations

General bibliography

Books

Articles

Documents

External links