Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), also known as guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 (GNB2L1), is a 35

kDa The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a non-SI unit of mass widely used in physics and chemistry. It is defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at re ...

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

that in humans is encoded by the RACK1

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...

Function

RACK1 was originally isolated and identified as an intracellular protein receptor for protein kinase C, noting the significant homology to the beta subunit of

heterotrimeric G protein Heterotrimeric G protein, also sometimes referred to as the ''"large" G proteins'' (as opposed to the subclass of smaller, monomeric small GTPases) are membrane-associated G proteins that form a heterotrimeric complex. The biggest non-structu ...

s. Later studies established RACK1, and its yeast homolog Asc1, as a core

ribosomal protein A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. ''E. coli'', other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit an ...

of the eukaryotic small (40S) ribosomal subunit. Much of the function of Asc1/RACK1 appears to result from its position on the 'head' of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Asc1/RACK1 participates in several aspects of

eukaryotic translation Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: gene translation, elongation, termination, and recapping. Initiation Translation initiation is the pr ...

and ribosome quality control, including IRES-mediated translation,

non-stop decay Non-stop decay (NSD) is a cellular mechanism of mRNA surveillance to detect mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon and prevent these mRNAs from translation. The non-stop decay pathway releases ribosomes that have reached the far 3' end of an mRNA and ...

, non-functional 18S ribosomal RNA decay, and frameshifting.

Interactions

RACK1 is positioned at the solvent-exposed surface of the 40S ribosomal subunit, where it is held in place through contacts with both the 18S rRNA and other

ribosomal proteins A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. ''E. coli'', other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit a ...

, including uS3, uS9, and eS17. Additionally, RACK1 has been shown to

interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...

with: *

AGTRAP Type-1 angiotensin II receptor-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AGTRAP'' gene. This gene encodes a transmembrane protein localized to the plasma membrane and perinuclear vesicular structures. The gene product int ...

* Androgen receptor, * CD18, *

CD29 Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), also known as CD29, is a cell surface receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''ITGB1'' gene. This integrin associates with integrin alpha 1 and integrin alpha 2 to form integrin complexes which function as collagen r ...

* Cyclin A1 *

EIF6 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (EIF6), also known as Integrin beta 4 binding protein (ITGB4BP), is a human gene. Hemidesmosomes are structures which link the basal lamina to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. An important functio ...

, *

FYN Funen ( da, Fyn, ), with an area of , is the third-largest island of Denmark, after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy. It is the 165th-largest island in the world. It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 469,947 as ...

, *

IFNAR2 Interferon-alpha/beta receptor beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IFNAR2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein that forms one of the two chains of a receptor for interferons al ...

, *

Janus kinase 1 JAK1 is a human tyrosine kinase protein essential for signaling for certain type I and type II cytokines. It interacts with the common gamma chain (γc) of type I cytokine receptors, to elicit signals from the IL-2 receptor family (e.g. IL-2R, ...

* OTUB1, *

P73 p73 is a protein related to the p53 tumor protein. Because of its structural resemblance to p53, it has also been considered a tumor suppressor. It is involved in cell cycle regulation, and induction of apoptosis. Like p53, p73 is characterized ...

, *

PDE4D cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE4D'' gene. Function The PDE4D gene is complex and has at least 9 different isoforms that encode functional proteins. These proteins degrade the s ...

, *

PRKCB1 Protein kinase C beta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKCB'' gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and second messenger diacylglycero ...

, *

PRKCE Protein kinase C epsilon type (PKCε) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKCE'' gene. PKCε is an isoform of the large PKC family of protein kinases that play many roles in different tissues. In cardiac muscle cells, PKCε regulate ...

, *

PTPRM Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase mu is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PTPRM'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. Protein tyrosine phosphatases a ...

, *

RAS p21 protein activator 1 RAS p21 protein activator 1 or RasGAP (Ras GTPase activating protein), also known as RASA1, is a 120- kDa cytosolic human protein that provides two principal activities: * Inactivation of Ras from its active GTP-bound form to its inactive GDP-bo ...

, * ST7, *

STAT1 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the ''STAT1'' gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. Function All STAT molecules are phosphorylated by receptor associ ...

, * Src, and *

Tyrosine kinase 2 Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''TYK2'' gene. Tyk2 was the first member of the JAK family that was described (the other members are JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3). It has been implicated in IFN-� ...

Function

Interactions

See also

References

Further reading