Göle (; ka, კოლა, tr; ) is a small city in
Ardahan Province
Ardahan Province (; ka, არტაანის რეგიონი, tr; is a Provinces of Turkey, province in the north-east of Turkey, bordering Georgia (country), Georgia and Armenia. Its area is 4,934 km2, and its population is 92,481 ...
of
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
. The city was formerly known as ''Merdenik'', ''Merdinik'' or ''Ardahan-ı Küçük'' ("Little Ardahan" in
Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish (, ; ) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. ...
). It is the seat of
Göle District
Göle District is a district of Ardahan Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Göle.[İlç ...]
.
[İlçe Belediyesi]
Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 January 2023. Its population is 5,775 (2021).
Etymology
In
Armenian
Armenian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent
** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the ...
, Göle is known as Kogh (), Merdenek (), or Merrrenek (), also being renamed to Martenik () in 1918. In
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
, the town is known as Gkióle () or Mertenék (). In
Georgian, it is known as Kola ().
History
The name derives from Armenian name—Kogh—which may, in turn, derive from ancient kingdom of
Colchis
In classical antiquity and Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia.
Its population, the ...
. In ancient times this land was part of
Urartu
Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom centered around the Armenian highlands between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. The territory of the ancient kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Armenia.Kleiss, Wo ...
. In 4th century BC, it was part of
Kingdom of Iberia
In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia (Ancient Greek: ''Iberia''; ; Parthian: ; Middle Persian: ) was an exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli or Iveria ( or ), known after its core province. The kingdom existed during Classical Antiquity and ...
and remained as one of the district of Duchy of Tsunda. Since 2nd century BC to 4th century AD this place was a part of
Greater Armenia. During subsequent centuries it frequently changed hands between Iberians and
Armenians
Armenians (, ) are an ethnic group indigenous to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.Robert Hewsen, Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiq ...
. In the 7th century it passed to the
Arab Caliphate. In 8th century it became part of
Kuropalatine of Iberia in struggle against the
Arab occupation. During the 10th–15th centuries, this region was a part of the united
Georgian Kingdom. In the 16th century, it was within the independent
Principality of Samtskhe until it was occupied and annexed by the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
and organized into the
Childir Eyalet. Merdenek was annexed by the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
in 1878, where it was part of the militarily administered
Kars Oblast, specifically within the Gelsky ''
uchastok'' (subcounty) of the
Ardahan Okrug. The district included villages inhabited by various ethnic groups, including 40
Turkish and 13
Caucasian Greek villages. Merdenek was briefly occupied by the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
by virtue of the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty, whi ...
, however, following their withdrawal in 1919,
Armenia
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...
n control prevailed until late 1920. During the
Turkish–Armenian War, the town was occupied by
Democratic Republic of Georgia
The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; ka, საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა, tr) was the first modern establishment of a republic of Georgia (country), Georgia, which exist ...
; in 1921, it was annexed by
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
, as confirmed by the
Treaty of Kars.
Places of interest to visitors include the tomb and mosque in the village of
Dedeşen and the castles of
Kalecik and
Ugurtaşı.
Notable people
*
İsmail Ateş (born 1960), artist and professor
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gole
Populated places in Ardahan Province
Historical regions of Georgia (country)
District municipalities in Turkey
Göle District
Kurdish settlements in Ardahan Province