Gerard or Gérard (de) Lairesse (; 11 September 1641 – June 1711) was a

Dutch Golden Age The Dutch Golden Age ( ) was a period in the history of the Netherlands which roughly lasted from 1588, when the Dutch Republic was established, to 1672, when the '' Rampjaar'' occurred. During this period, Dutch trade, scientific development ...

painter and art theorist. His broad range of skills included music, poetry, and theatre. De Lairesse was influenced by the

Perugian Perugia ( , ; ; ) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. It has 162,467 ...

Cesare Ripa Cesare Ripa (, Perugia – Rome) was an Italian Renaissance scholar and iconography, iconographer. Life Little is known about his life. The scant biographical information that exists derives from his one very successful work: the ''Iconologia ...

Lyckle de Vries "De Lairesse on the theory and practice"
/ref> and French classicist painters such as

Charles le Brun Charles Le Brun (; baptised 24 February 1619 – 12 February 1690) was a French Painting, painter, Physiognomy, physiognomist, Aesthetics, art theorist, and a director of several art schools of his time. He served as a court painter to Louis XIV, ...

Simon Vouet Simon Vouet (; 9 January 1590 – 30 June 1649) was a French painter who studied and rose to prominence in Italy before being summoned by Louis XIII to serve as Premier peintre du Roi in France. He and his studio of artists created religious and ...

and authors such as

Pierre Corneille Pierre Corneille (; ; 6 June 1606 – 1 October 1684) was a French tragedian. He is generally considered one of the three great 17th-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine. As a young man, he earned the valuable patronage ...

and

Jean Racine Jean-Baptiste Racine ( , ; ; 22 December 1639 – 21 April 1699) was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France, along with Molière and Corneille, as well as an important literary figure in the Western tr ...

. His importance grew in the period following the death of

Rembrandt Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (; ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), mononymously known as Rembrandt was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and Drawing, draughtsman. He is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in ...

. His treatises on painting and drawing, ''Grondlegginge Ter Teekenkonst'' (1701), Lairesse, Gérard de, ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst''
1701, full digital copyLairesse, Gérard de, ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst''
1701, full digital copy, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg''Grondlegginge der teekenkonst''
(1701) an
Groot Schilderboek
(1707) based on

geometry Geometry (; ) is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician w ...

and ''Groot Schilderboek'' (1707), were highly influential on 18th-century painters.

Painting career

De Lairesse was born in

Liège Liège ( ; ; ; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the Liège Province, province of Liège, Belgium. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east o ...

and was the second son of painter Renier de Lairesse (1597–1667). He studied art under his father and from 1655 under Bertholet Flemalle. He worked in

Cologne Cologne ( ; ; ) is the largest city of the States of Germany, German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city pr ...

and

Aix-la-Chapelle Aachen is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants. Aachen is located at the northern foothills of the High Fens and the Eifel Mountains. It sits on the Wurm Riv ...

for Maximilian Henry of Bavaria from 1660. In 1664 De Lairesse fled from Liège after an affair with two sisters, his models, led to difficulties. He travelled north with a girl named Marie Salme and married her in

Visé Visé (; , ; ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia, located on the river Meuse in the province of Liège, Belgium. The municipality consists of the following districts: Argenteau, Cheratte, Lanaye, Lixhe, Richelle, and Visé. In the ...

. The couple settled in

Utrecht Utrecht ( ; ; ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city of the Netherlands, as well as the capital and the most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of Utrecht (province), Utrecht. The ...

, where a son was baptized in April 1665. When his talent as an artist was discovered by the art dealer

Gerrit van Uylenburgh Gerrit van Uylenburgh (c. 1625 – 1679), also known as Gerrit Uylenburgh, was a Dutch Golden Age painter and art-dealer. He was the eldest son of Hendrick van Uylenburgh and took over the family art-dealing business after Hendrick's death ...

, he moved to Amsterdam. De Lairesse arrived with his violin, with which he impressed

Jan van Pee Jan van Pee (1630, Amsterdam – 1710, Antwerp), was a Dutch Golden Age art dealer and genre painter. Biography According to Houbraken he was the son of the Amsterdam art dealer Emanuel van Pee, a man with a title of lower nobility, whose f ...

and probably Anthonie Claesz de Grebber in Uylenburgh's studio. In 1670 a son, Abraham, was born; the engraver Abraham Blooteling, with whom he collaborated, was the witness at the baptism; another son was baptized in 1673. In 1671, when Van Uylenburgh tried to sell 13 paintings to

Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William (; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 until his death in 1688. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he is popularly known as "th ...

, Hendrick Fromantiou successfully advised the Elector to send 12 pieces back as forgeries. Fromantiou claimed the paintings were copies of Italian ones, and he could point out the originals in Holland. De Lairesse was one of 51 individuals involved because of their expertise. Some time later De Lairesse moved to Spinhuissteeg where he became a member of the literary society '' Nil volentibus arduum'', which seems to have gathered in his house from 1676 until 1681. In 1682 he sold copies of sheet music composed by Lully.J.H. GISKES (1994) Amsterdam, centrum van muziek, muzikanten en schilders in de Gouden Eeuw, pp. 51–54. In: Jaarboek Amstelodamum. In May 1684 he rented the nearby house of Caspar Barlaeus. His pupils Philip Tideman and Louis Abry lived there too. De Lairesse produced paintings as decorations for the Soestdijk Palace between 1676 and 1683. In 1684 he moved to the Hague and worked there for a year. In 1685 he painted works for the Loo Palace. In 1688–1689, he decorated the civil council chamber of the

Hof van Holland The Hof van Holland, Zeeland en West-Friesland (; usually shortened to Hof van Holland in the literature, and translated in English literature as "(High) Court of Holland") was the High Court of the provinces of Holland, West Friesland and Zeeland ...

at the

Binnenhof The Binnenhof (; ) is a complex of buildings in the city centre of The Hague, Netherlands, next to the Hofvijver (Court Pond). It houses the meeting place of both houses of the States General of the Netherlands, as well as the Ministry of Gener ...

, presently known as the Lairesse room, with seven paintings with subjects from the history of the

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of Ancient Rome, classical Roman civilisation beginning with Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establis ...

, all displaying a remarkable legal iconography.

Style

At first, De Lairesse was highly influenced by

, but later he focused on a more French-oriented style similar to

Nicolas Poussin Nicolas Poussin (, , ; June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a French painter who was a leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and mythologic ...

. The French even nicknamed him the "Dutch Poussin", although he was also influenced by

Pierre Mignard Pierre Mignard or Pierre Mignard I (; 17 November 1612 – 30 May 1695), called "Mignard le Romain" to distinguish him from his brother Nicolas Mignard, was a French painter known for his religious and mythological scenes and portraits. He was a ...

and Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy. In Amsterdam during the second half of the 17th century, the pious austerity of the Protestant Dutch in Rembrandt's age had given way to unbridled opulence, even decadence, and de Lairesse's

classical French French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin) that specifically is classified under the Gallo-Romance languages. The discussion of the history of a language is typically divided into "external histor ...

, or

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

, style fitted this age perfectly. It made him one of, if not the most popular painter in Amsterdam at that time. De Lairesse was therefore frequently hired to adorn the interiors of government buildings and homes (

canal house A canal house () is a (usually old) house overlooking a canal. These houses are often slim, high and deep. Canal houses usually had a basement and a loft and attic where trade goods could be stored. A special Beam (structure), beam or pulley in ...

s) of wealthy Amsterdam businessmen with lavish

grisaille Grisaille ( or ; , from ''gris'' 'grey') means in general any European painting that is painted in grey. History Giotto used grisaille in the lower registers of his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua () and Robert Campin, Jan van Ey ...

s, ''

trompe-l'œil ; ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a Two-dimensional space, two-dimensional surface. , which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into perceiving p ...

'' ceilings and wall paintings. Some of these paintings still exist in the original buildings where they were painted.

De Lairesse as art theorist

De Lairesse was born with

congenital syphilis Congenital syphilis is syphilis that occurs when a mother with untreated syphilis passes the infection to her baby during pregnancy or at childbirth, birth. It may present in the fetus, infant, or later. Clinical features vary and differ between ...

, which caused him to go blind around 1690. The saddle nose which the disease gave him is clearly visible on the portrait which Rembrandt painted of him around 1665 and the

engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a Burin (engraving), burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or Glass engraving, glass ar ...

in the " Teutsche Academie" by Joachim von Sandrart (1683). After losing his sight, de Lairesse was forced to give up painting and focused instead on lecturing twice a week. De Lairesse explicitly states that despite his blindness, he was still able to design a perfect composition. He drew on two chalk boards and was assisted by his audience and his son Johannes who collected their notes. After several years two books on art were published: * ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst'' ("Foundations of Drawing"), published in 1701 * ''Het groot schilderboeck'' ("Great Book of Painting"), published in 1710 In ''Het groot schilderboeck'', de Lairesse expressed his disapproval of realism style used by Dutch Golden Age painters like Rembrandt,

Adriaen Brouwer Adriaen Brouwer ( – January 1638) was a Flemish painter active in Flanders and the Dutch Republic in the first half of the 17th century.Adriaen van Ostade and

Frans Hals Frans Hals the Elder (, ; ; – 26 August 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter. He lived and worked in Haarlem, a city in which the local authority of the day frowned on religious painting in places of worship but citizens liked to decorate thei ...

because they often portrayed everyday scenes and ordinary people such as soldiers, farmers, maids, and even beggars. In de Lairesse's view, paintings ought to show lofty biblical, mythological and historical scenes, in the spirit of

Karel van Mander Karel van Mander (I) or Carel van Mander IKarel van Mander
at the Netherlands Institute for Art History ...

, who felt that a complex historical

allegory As a List of narrative techniques, literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a wikt:narrative, narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a meaning with moral or political signi ...

was the highest of genres. "A good painting has a clue, indicating what holds the composition together." He was a disciplined intellectual, inspired by the notion that only correct theory could produce good art. For him theory meant the strict adherence to rules. The ultimate purpose of the visual arts was the improvement of mankind, and therefore art must, above all, be lofty and edifying. He set forth hierarchies of social status, of subject matter, of beauty itself. The artist, he said, must learn grace by mingling with the social and intellectual élite, must allow his subject matter to teach the highest moral principles, and must strive for ideal beauty. He must follow closely upon nature but overlook its imperfections. In the main reception room there should be ''tapestries or paintings on the wall with life size figures'' ... and in the kitchen, images ''of kitchen equipment and the spoils of the hunt, the picture of some maid, servant, dog or cat''. De Lairesse, for whom pictorial illusionism was of utmost importance, also wrote about the place of pictures on walls. For example, he urged that landscapes (and indeed all paintings) should be hung at a height where their horizons were even with eye level. De Lairesse urged that portraits be hung high and have a low viewpoint. Gerard de Lairesse was cognizant of the problems posed by viewing paintings from a distance and drew connection between the hanging position and the scale and style of individual paintings. He noted ''... that a piece ten feet large, with life-size figures, should be viewed at ten feet distance, and that a smaller one five feet high, with life-size, half-length figures, must have five feet distance''.

Legacy

His treatises on painting and drawing, ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst'' (1701) and ''Het groot schilderboeck'' (1707), were highly influential on later painters like Jacob de Wit. He also worked with many established artists of his day, as

Barend Graat Barend Graat (21 September 1628, Amsterdam – 4 November 1709, Amsterdam),Barend Graat
in the RKD was a Dutc ...

, Johannes Glauber and Frederick de Moucheron, on larger commissions for house decorations. De Lairesse attracted many pupils, including Jan van Mieris, Simon van der Does, and the brothers Teodor and

Krzysztof Lubieniecki Krzysztof Lubieniecki or Christoffel Lubienietzky (1659–1729) was a Polish Baroque painter and engraver active in Amsterdam during the Dutch Golden Age. Biography Krzysztof Lubieniecki was born in Stettin (today: Szczecin), Pommerania. H ...

. According to Houbraken,

Jan Hoogsaat Jan Hoogsaat (March 12, 1654 – November 29, 1730) was a Dutch Golden Age painter. Hoogsaat was born and died in Amsterdam. According to Houbraken, he was one of the best pupils of Gerard de Lairesse. He painted in Het Loo palace and he pain ...

was one of his best pupils.Biography of Jan Hoogsaat
in ''De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen'' (1718) by

Arnold Houbraken Arnold Houbraken (28 March 1660 – 14 October 1719) was a Dutch people, Dutch Painting, painter and writer from Dordrecht, now remembered mainly as a biographer of Dutch Golden Age painters. Life Houbraken was sent first to learn ''threadt ...

, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), his pupils also included Jacob van der Does (the Younger), Gilliam van der Gouwen, Louis Fabritius Dubourg, Theodor Lubienitzki, Bonaventura van Overbeek,

Jan Wandelaar Jan Wandelaar (14 April 1690, Amsterdam – 26 March 1759, Leiden), was an 18th-century painter, illustrator and engraver from the Dutch Republic. Biography Wandelaar trained under Jacob Folkema, Gilliam van der Gouwen, and Gerard de Lair ...

. Celebrated during his lifetime and well into the 18th century, he was berated during the 19th century. With or without justification, he was considered superficial and effete, and was held in large part responsible for the decline in Dutch painting. Two hundred years after his death in 1711 the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th Edition (1911) gave no listing at all for de Lairesse, while devoting four pages of solid text to Rembrandt. Works by de Lairesse are now on display at many museums around the world, including the

Rijksmuseum The Rijksmuseum () is the national museum of the Netherlands dedicated to Dutch arts and history and is located in Amsterdam. The museum is located at the Museum Square in the borough of Amsterdam South, close to the Van Gogh Museum, the S ...

and Amsterdams Historisch Museum in Amsterdam, the

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ...

in Paris, the

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...

in New York City, the

National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art is an art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in ...

in Washington, D.C., the

National Portrait Gallery National Portrait Gallery may refer to: * National Portrait Gallery (Australia), in Canberra * National Portrait Gallery (Sweden), in Mariefred *National Portrait Gallery (United States), in Washington, D.C. *National Portrait Gallery, London ...

and

Tate Gallery Tate is an institution that houses, in a network of four art galleries, the United Kingdom's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK ...

in London, and the

Cleveland Museum of Art The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) is an art museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Located in the Wade Park District of University Circle, the museum is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian art, Asian and Art of anc ...

. In 2016–2017, an exhibition and conference dedicated to de Lairesse's work was held at

Rijksmuseum Twenthe The Rijksmuseum Twenthe in Enschede, the Netherlands, was founded in 1927 by textile industry Baron Jan Bernard Van Heek. He donated his own private collection and the museum building to the government, thus making it a national museum. The muse ...

Enschede Enschede (; local ) is a list of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the province of Overijssel and the Twente region of the eastern Netherlands. The east of the urban area reaches ...

Works

Gerard de Lairesse - Hercule entre le Vice et le Vertu

Well-known paintings by de Lairesse include his ''Allegory of the Five Senses'' (1668), ''Diana and Endymion'' () and ''Cleopatra Landing at Tarsus''. Some of his paintings show influence by the ''Iconologia'' of

, a book that was given to him by his brother, after returning from Italy. A versatile artist, de Lairesse also made many prints for book illustrations (e.g. for the poet Andries Pels) (1668). Among other things, de Lairesse produced: * A set of illustrations for Gerard Reynst's collection ''Signorum Veterum Icones'' (1670), a series of prints based on the Italian statuary in Reynst's Amsterdam collection. * Three ceiling paintings ''Triomf der Vrede'' (Triumph of Peace) in 1671 for the Amsterdam regent

Andries de Graeff Andries de Graeff (19 February 1611 – 30 November 1678) was a regent and burgomaster (mayor) of Amsterdam and leading Dutch statesman during the Golden Age. He came from the De Graeff family, which, together with the Bicker family by marria ...

. The paintings glorified the

De Graeff De Graeff (; also: '' De Graef'', ''Graef'', ''Graeff'', ''Graaff'', ''Graaf'' and ''De Graeff van Polsbroek'') is a Dutch Nobility, noble family. The family divided into different lines, in Holland, Prussia (Germany) and South Africa including ...

family's role as the protector of the

Dutch republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands ...

and the works of art can be viewed as a visual statement opposing the return of the

House of Orange The House of Orange-Nassau (, ), also known as the House of Orange because of the prestige of the princely title of Orange, also referred to as the Fourth House of Orange in comparison with the other noble houses that held the Principality of O ...

Stadtholder In the Low Countries, a stadtholder ( ) was a steward, first appointed as a medieval official and ultimately functioning as a national leader. The ''stadtholder'' was the replacement of the duke or count of a province during the Burgundian and ...

s of the republic. They were created for Andries de Graeffs 'Sael' at his mayor's residence in Amsterdam. The ceiling paintings now adorn the Ferdinand Bol room at the

Peace Palace The Peace Palace ( ; ) is an international law administrative building in The Hague, Netherlands. It houses the International Court of Justice (which is the principal judicial body of the United Nations), the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PC ...

in The Hague. * Most of his plates were originally published by Nicolaes Visscher II, who published a collected edition under the title 'Opus Elegantissimum' in . * Set designs for the Schouwburg of Van Campen, the Amsterdam theatre (after 1676 or 1681 when it was reopened). * A set of illustrations for

Govert Bidloo Govert Bidloo or Govard Bidloo (12 March 1649 – 30 March 1713) was a Dutch Golden Age physician, anatomist, poet and playwright. He was the personal physician of William III of Orange-Nassau, Dutch stadholder and King of England, Scotland ...

's anatomical atlas ''Anatomia Humani Corporis'' (1685). 105 illustrations in: ''Godefridi Bidloo, Medicinae Doctoris & Chirurgi, Anatomia Hvmani Corporis: Centum & quinque Tabvlis Per artificiosiss. G. De Lairesse ad vivum delineatis, Demonstrata, Veterum Recentiorumque Inventis explicata plurimisque, hactenus non-detectis, Illvstrata'' Amsterdam 1685 * The shutters for the church organ in the

Westerkerk The Westerkerk (; ) is a Calvinism, Reformed church within Protestant Church in the Netherlands, Dutch Protestant Calvinism in central Amsterdam, Netherlands. It lies in the most western part of the Grachtengordel (Amsterdam), Grachtengordel nei ...

in 1686. * A portrait of the Dutch

stadholder In the Low Countries, a stadtholder ( ) was a steward, first appointed as a medieval official and ultimately functioning as a national leader. The ''stadtholder'' was the replacement of the duke or count of a province during the Burgundian and ...

and king of England,

William III of England William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of County of Holland, Holland, County of Zeeland, Zeeland, Lordship of Utrecht, Utrec ...

(1688). File:Gerard de Lairesse - Nicolaes Visscher - Icones Reynst.jpg, Title page of ''Signorum Veterum Icones'', 1670 File:Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams.jpg, Anatomical drawing from ''Anatomia Humani Corporis'', 1685 File:Govard Bidloo t88.jpg, ''Ontleding des menschlyken lichaams'' File:Gerard de Lairesse - Philips Tideman - G van der Gouwe - Hendrick Desbordes.png, Title page of ''Groot Schilderboek'', 1712Groot schilderboek, waar in de schilderkonst in al haar deelen grondig werd onderweezen, ook door redeneeringen en printverbeeldingen verklaard; met voorbeelden uyt de beste konst-stukken der oude en nieuwe puyk-schilderen, bevestigd : en derzelver wel- en misstand aangeweezen, Volume 1
Gérard de Lairesse, Philip Tideman, Gilliam van der Gouwen, Jan van Broekhuizen,

Jan Caspar Philips Jan Caspar Philips (1690–1775), was a German engraver who settled in Amsterdam. He was born perhaps in Trebur, like a younger brother. His father was Hendrik Philips (-1748), a wigmaker, his mother Anna Elizabeth Kraft (-1753). The family set ...

, David van Hoogstraten,

Johannes Vollenhove Johannes is a Medieval Latin form of the personal name that usually appears as "John" in English language contexts. It is a variant of the Greek and Classical Latin variants (Ιωάννης, '' Ioannes''), itself derived from the Hebrew name '' Ye ...

, Abraham Alewyn, Matthijs Pool, published by Henri Desbordes, Amsterdam, 1712, Digital version of the work on

Google Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical charac ...

References

External links

Allegory on Science at the Rijksmuseum
a

by de Lairesse
''Godefridi Bidloo, Medicinae Doctoris & Chirurgi, Anatomia Hvmani Corporis: Centum & quinque Tabvlis Per artificiosiss. G. De Lairesse ad vivum delineatis, Demonstrata, Veterum Recentiorumque Inventis explicata plurimisque, hactenus non detectis, Illvstrata''
105 illustrations by Gérard de Lairesse. Amsterdam 1685
Jan Joseph Marie Timmers (1942) "Gérard Lairesse", coll. "Academisch proefschrift Nijmegen, 1", Amsterdam.

Track on YouTube with many of his paintings
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lairesse, Gerard de 1640s births Year of birth uncertain 1711 deaths Dutch Golden Age painters Dutch male painters Trompe-l'œil artists Writers from Amsterdam 17th-century painters from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège Dutch blind people Blind artists Dutch art historians Walloon emigrants to the Dutch Republic Rembrandt scholars Scholars of Netherlandish art