Gustavus Adolphus' reconquest of Öland occurred from 26 or 27 September to 8 October 1611 during the

Kalmar War The Kalmar War (1611–1613) was fought between Denmark–Norway and Sweden. Though Denmark-Norway soon gained the upper hand, it was unable to defeat Sweden entirely. The Kalmar War was the last time Denmark-Norway successfully defended its '' ...

Background

While

Christian IV Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648. His reign of 59 years and 330 days is the longest in Scandinavian history. A member of the H ...

prepared to return to Copenhagen with the main Danish fleet, Gustavus Adolphus, along with Per Hammarskiöld, prepared to reconquer Öland from Denmark, Per Hammarskiöld also knew the island well. For the invasion, Adolphus gathered three banners of cavalry and some seven or eight companies of infantry. The cavalry consisted of Hammarskiöld's old unit, the Småland banner, which was commanded by Per Nilsson, and Victori Sim's cavalry company. The infantry consisted of the Drabant Company under Anders Larsson, Gertrom Yggesson's Småland company, Nils Assersson Mannerskiöld's

Östergötland Östergötland (; English exonym: East Gothland) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (''landskap'' in Swedish) in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland and the Baltic Sea. In older English li ...

company, and most likely Olf Olsson's

Västmanland Västmanland ( or ) is a historical Swedish province, or , in middle Sweden. It borders Södermanland, Närke, Värmland, Dalarna and Uppland. Västmanland means "West Man Land" or, less literally, "The Land of the Western Men", where the "we ...

company. The infantry also included men that had recently came from Finland, including Erik Olsson and Bryngen Torstensson's companies, both conscripted in Finland, and a Scottish company under Robert Sim. Contemporary source put the total strength of the force to 2,000 men.

Prelude

Gustavus Adolphus and his men planned to cross the Kalmar Strait towards Öland with the so-called "little fleet" under Captain Erik Kyle, which planned to set out froim Skäggenäs, a peninsula around 15 kilometers north of Kalmar. Before crossing, Adolphus made contact with local peasants, who promised assistance. On 25 September, Gert von Rantzau learned of the planned operation, allegedly from observing the Swedish ships in Skäggenäs, and thus led three companies of infantry from his own regiment, under Valentin Rosworm, Christopher Luppert, and Jørgen Baroldt respectively across the strait to Öland. As a result, Öland was now defended by two Danish cavalry companies, being the enlisted harquebusier companies under Jørgen Grubbe and Tessen von Parsow, who had handed over command to Franz Ernst von Dalwig, along with five companies of infantry, consisting of the three companies from Rantzau and two under respectively Mathias Kochheim and Søren Bugge.

Invasion

It is likely that Rantzau notified

of the impending invasion, however, the next day, the Danish main fleet returned to Copenhagen with Christian onboard. Later on the same day, in the evening of 26 or 27 September,

Gustavus Adolphus Gustavus Adolphus (9 December N.S 19 December">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="/nowiki>Old Style and New Style dates">N.S 19 December15946 November Old Style and New Style dates">N.S 16 November] 1632), also known in English as ...

crossed the

Kalmar Strait The Kalmar Strait () is a strait in the Baltic Sea, located between the Swedish island of Öland and the province of Småland of the Swedish mainland. The strait is about long and between and in width. There is a road bridge across the stra ...

, landing near Stora Rör, 18 kilometers south from Borgholm. The operation was flawless, and local peasants met him on the shore with horses for transport, and many peasants joined the force. At Räpplinge, he surprised and dispersed two Danish companies on the way to Borgholm, leaving some 800 Danes killed. The rest escaped to Borgholm castle. When Rantzau attempted to return to the mainland by sea in order to bring reinforcements, his yacht was swept eastwards to

Gotland Gotland (; ; ''Gutland'' in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland (), is Sweden's largest island. It is also a Provinces of Sweden, province/Counties of Sweden, county (Swedish län), Municipalities of Sweden, municipality, a ...

because of unfavourable winds, delaying the response. Gustavus Adolphus and his forces quickly and easily mopped the remaining Danes up on the island, and on 7 October, Borgholm castle surrendered, and Adolphus marched in on 8 October, installing Per Hammarskiöld as the commander. Most of the German soldiers in the Danish companies enlisted in the Swedish army, while Adolphus sent the others to

Kalmar Kalmar (, , ) is a city in the southeast of Sweden, situated by the Baltic Sea. It had 41,388 inhabitants in 2020 and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality. It is also the capital of Kalmar County, which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of ...

, after they had sworn not to fight Sweden for three months.

Aftermath

Hammarskiöld received the three Swedish cavalry banners and four infantry companies to defend the island, and the peasant representatives who crossed the strait in order to swear fealty to Christian IV were put on trial and later executed for treason. The invasion was Gustavus Adolphus' second independent command, and it is likely that he received advice from the more experienced Hammarskiöld during the operation. Later, Adolphus returned to his father, Charles IX, at

Ryssby Ryssby is a locality situated in Ljungby Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 707 inhabitants in 2010. It is situated at an altitude of 313 metres (1030 feet). Ryssby lies on the north end of the Ryssby Lake. Ryssby Church has the greates ...

. During December and January, Danish forces from Kalmar raided Öland on multiple occasions. However, they did not attempt to reconquer the island.

References

Works cited