Guadalupe, Zacatecas
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Guadalupe is a town in the state of
Zacatecas Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the Political divisions of Mexico, 31 states of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Zacatecas, 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas City, Zacatec ...
,
Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
. It is located in the central region of the state and is the head of the Municipality of Guadalupe. With a population of 170,029 inhabitants, it is the most populated city in the state and with the city of Zacatecas and surrounding towns it forms a metropolitan area. On August 1, 2010, the
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (), also known as the Silver Route, was a Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spanish road between Mexico City and San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico, San Juan Pueblo (''Ohkay Owingeh''), New Mexico (in the modern U.S.), that wa ...
was inscribed by
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...
on the
World Heritage List World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritag ...
, being the former Apostolic College of Propaganda Fide of Our Lady of Guadalupe, one of the sites on the cultural itinerary that reached this title, for its architectural richness and contribution to the evangelization of the north of New Spain. On June 30, 2015, the Legislative Branch of the State of Zacatecas approved that the city of Guadalupe Zacatecas be declared a Historical City, a title that came into effect on Thursday, September 3 of that same year after its promulgation in decree number 400 published in the Official Newspaper of the State of Zacatecas. On October 11, 2018 at the Fifth National Fair of Pueblos Mágicos held in the city of Morelia, Michoacán, Guadalupe received incorporation into the Pueblos Mágicos program, being the sixth to have this registration in the state of Zacatecas.


History


Prehispanic

Until before the arrival of the Spanish ( 1546), the city's territories were hunting grounds as well as fruit gathering by small semi-nomadic groups such as the Zacatecos and the Guachichiles.


Viceroyalty of New Spain

The territory currently occupied by the city of Guadalupe began to be populated after the discovery of the Zacatecas Mines in 1546, with the establishment of
haciendas A ''hacienda'' ( or ; or ) is an estate (or '' finca''), similar to a Roman ''latifundium'', in Spain and the former Spanish Empire. With origins in Andalusia, ''haciendas'' were variously plantations (perhaps including animals or orchards) ...
, ranches and orchards that supplied livestock and provisions to the Very Noble and Loyal City of Our Lady of the Zacatecas. Since there is no formal act of founding a town, the year of founding is taken as a reference to the most remote antecedent of land ownership. According to the latest research, it is the year 1555, when Pedro de Ahumada Sámano obtained a land grant for small livestock three quarters of a league from the mines of Zacatecas, on the way to
Mexico City Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
, a place that would be known as San Nicolás de los Campos, located where the Arboledas, Campo Bravo and El Carmen neighborhoods are currently located. However, there are versions that date the origin to the granting by the Royal Court of Guadalajara of a land grant to Gonzalo de Cabañas in 1575 of the territory occupied by the Bernárdez hacienda; as well as the issuance of a grant in July 1578 to the Spaniard Diego Chávez de Montoro, from the site where the historic center of the city of Guadalupe is located. Jerónima de Castilla, widow of Diego de Melgar, gave up a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Carmel, located outside the city of Zacatecas, which was in ruins, in addition to the land necessary for the construction of a new sanctuary dedicated to
Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe (), also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe (), is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with four Marian apparitions to Juan Diego and one to his uncle, Juan Bernardino reported in December 1531, when t ...
, similar to the one built in Mexico City. Ecclesiastical license was granted for this purpose on January 16, 1677. The
Franciscans The Franciscans are a group of related organizations in the Catholic Church, founded or inspired by the Italian saint Francis of Assisi. They include three independent religious orders for men (the Order of Friars Minor being the largest conte ...
founded a collection hospice in the same place where the chapel was located, bearing the name of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Later, after obtaining the Royal Decree in January 1704 from
Philip V of Spain Philip V (; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was List of Spanish monarchs, King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days) is the longest in the ...
, on January 12, 1707, the Apostolic College of Propaganda Fide of Our Lady of Guadalupe was founded by the Franciscans Antonio Margil de Jesús, José de Castro, José Guerra, Alonso González, Pedro Franco, José de San Francisco, among others; With the missionary work of this College, Guadalupe acquired great fame and reputation, since it was a Fide Propaganda Center for the promotion of the Christian faith, for a large portion of the northern area of the
Viceroyalty of New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( ; Nahuatl: ''Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl''), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. It was one of several ...
and a large part of the states from the south of what is now the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
.


19th century

During the Independence movement, due to its geographical location, the municipality of Guadalupe was the scene of various relevant events. From January 27 to February 5, 1811, after his defeat in the Battle of Puente de Calderón as he moved towards Northern Mexico,
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo (), was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican War ...
stayed in Guadalupe for 10 days, this fact gave rise to the musical composition "Las Mañanas de Hidalgo", which is considered one of the oldest antecedents of the
corrido The corrido (Spanish pronunciation: Help:IPA/Spanish, oˈriðo is a famous narrative metrical tale and poetry that forms a Ballad (music), ballad. The songs often feature topics such as oppression, history, daily life for criminals, the vaqu ...
in Mexico. At the local level, the figure of José María Rodríguez stands out, who together with the priest Antonio Torres and Víctor Rosales, conspired to surrender the capital to the insurgency. Rodríguez was taken prisoner and sentenced to death, being shot and beheaded on October 3, 1814, placing his head on a stake to serve as a warning to others. On November 13, 1821, Guadalupe, which until then was part of the territory of the city of Zacatecas, was established as a City Council under the regulations of the Constitution of Cádiz. However, in 1825 it was repealed to the rank of congregational board, not being until 1829 when it was again established as a City Council in accordance with the provisions of the Political Constitution of the State of Zacatecas. In 1845 the Departmental Assembly of Zacatecas granted Guadalupe the title of Villa de Guadalupe de Rodríguez. President
Benito Juárez Benito Pablo Juárez García (; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was a Mexican politician, military commander, and lawyer who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in office in 1872. A Zapotec peoples, Zapotec, he w ...
, established his itinerant government in Guadalupe on February 16, 1867, before his withdrawal to the state of
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí, is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 59 municipalities and is named after its capital city, San Luis Potosí. It ...
.


20th century

On June 23, during the famous Capture of Zacatecas, the road that connects Guadalupe with the city of Zacatecas was the escape point for the federalist army, and a considerable number of elements were shot down in the attempt. During the first days of October 1914, Guadalupe was the scene of the meeting between Zapatista and Villista troops, as a preamble to the Convention of Aguascalientes. With the issuance of the Free Municipality Law promulgated by
Venustiano Carranza José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920), known as Venustiano Carranza, was a Mexican land owner and politician who served as President of Mexico from 1917 until his assassination in 1920, during the Mexican Re ...
, the Political Headquarters of the Zacatecas Party made up of the municipalities of Zacatecas, Guadalupe, Chupaderos, Calera and Panúco is abolished, obtaining these demarcations administrative autonomy and without intermediate figures between the town councils and the State Executive. On August 1, 1915, the Civil Administration Board was established in Guadalupe, thereby establishing itself as a free municipality, a status ratified with the Political Constitution of the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas of 1918, a category in force to date.


References


Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005
INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Zacatecas
Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México


External links


Official website
{{Authority control Populated places in Zacatecas Camino Real de Tierra Adentro