Großbürger

Grand Burgher aleor Grand Burgheress emale(from German: Großbürger ale Großbürgerin emale is a specific conferred or inherited title of medieval German origin. It denotes a legally defined preeminent status granting exclusive constitutional privileges and legal rights (German: ''Großbürgerrecht'').Titel: Lehrbuch des teutschen Privatrechts; Landrecht und Lehnrecht enthaltend. Vom Geheimen Rath Schmalz zu Berlin. Theodor von Schmalz, Berlin, 1818, bei Duncker und Humblot. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in München. (English: Textbook of German Private Law; containing State Law and Feudal Law. By Privy Counsellor Schmalz of Berlin. Theodor von Schmalz, Berlin, 1818, Duncker and Humblot.) p. 46, 188 et al., in German, Bavarian State Library in Munich. Grand Burghers were magnates, subordinate only to the monarch, and independent of feudalism and territorial nobility or lords paramount.Title: The Works of M. de Voltaire (translated from the French with Notes, Historical and Critical by T. Smollett, M.D., T. Francklin, M.A., and Others). Vol. 22, London, Publisher J. Newbery, 1763, General History, of Nobility, p. 155—167.

A member class within the patrician ruling elite,Wörterbuch der schweizerdeutschen Sprache, Schweizerisches Idiotikon - Dictionary of the Swiss German Language, Verlag Huber Frauenfeld, Frauenfeld, Switzerland, 1881, Volume IV, Page 1584, in German. the Grand Burgher was a type of urban citizen and social order of highest rank. They existed as a formally defined upper social class, made up of affluent individuals and elite burgher families in medieval German-speaking city-states and towns under the Holy Roman Empire. They usually came from a wealthy business or significant mercantile background and estate. This hereditary title (and influential constitutional status) was privy to very few individuals and families across Central Europe. The title formally existed well into the late 19th century and early part of the 20th century.

In some instances, the Grand Burghers (Großbürger) or patricians (Patrizier) constituted the ruling class. This was true in autonomous German-speaking cities and towns of Central Europe that held a municipal charter and town privileges (German town law). Grand Burghers also existed as a ruling class in free imperial cities (such as Hamburg, Augsburg, Cologne, and Bern) that held imperial immediacy, or where nobility had no power of authority or supremacy.

Hierarchy

Since before the 15th century, the group of legally coequal " burghers" began to split into three different groups: hereditary grand-burghers, ordinary burghers (termed petty-burghers, German ''Kleinbürger'' or simply ''Bürger''), and non-burghers. The petty-burghers were largely artisans, tradesman, small business owners, merchants, shopkeepers, and others who were required by city or town constitutions to acquire the petty-burghership.Free Trade and its Reception 1815-1960: Freedom and trade, Volume 1, Andrew Marisson, Routledge Explorations in Economic History, London and New York, 1998, p. 110—111. Non-burghers, on the other hand, were merely "inhabitants" or resident aliens without specific legal rights in the territorial jurisdiction of a city or town. This group largely consisted of the working class, foreign or migrant workers, and other civil employees who were neither able nor eligible to acquire the petty-burghership.

Burghership generally granted a person the right to exist within the territorial jurisdiction of the city-state or town of burghership. It allowed them to be active members of its society, acquire real estate, pursue their specified economic activity or occupation, access social protection, and participate in municipal affairs. These rights included many exclusive constitutional privileges, exemptions, and immunities, especially those associated with the "grand" burghership (German: ''Großbürgerschaft'').

Grand Burghers held rich historical and cultural roles that were created and expanded over the decades. They often united with other families of the same eminent status and branches of nobility. Grand Burghers were often of such extraordinary wealth and significant economic importance that they far exceeded the wealth and influence of even the highest-ranking members of the nobility. The latter often sought intermarriage with elite grand-burgher families to maintain their noble lifestyles. The names of these individuals and families were generally known in the city or town where they lived, and in many cases, their ancestors had contributed to regional history. The conferred grand-burghership was often hereditary in both male and female family descendants, and a hereditary title or rank stated as the person's occupation in records.

In Hamburg, for example, only the Grand Burghers were privileged with full, unrestricted freedom of large-scale trade, including foreign import and export trade. They were also allowed to entertain a bank account and be elected to the Senate of Hamburg, among other privileges.Matthias Wegner: ''Hanseaten'', Berlin 1999, S. 34: ''„In Hamburg wurde sehr genau zwischen dem großen und dem kleinen Bürgerrecht unterschieden, und nur wer dank seiner ökonomischen Verhältnisse imstande war, das große Bürgerrecht zu erwerben, verfügte über die uneingeschränkte Handels- und Gewerbefreiheit, durfte in den Senat, die Bürgerschaft und andere Ämter gewählt werden – und das waren nur wenige.“''

Confer of burghership

As with the administration expense for conferring letters patent to nobility, both types of burghership were also subject to expenses. In Hamburg, in the year 1600, the burghership expense was 50 Reichstaler for the grand burghership and 7 Reichstaler for the petty burghership. In 1833, the initial expense for receiving grand burghership in Hamburg was 758 Mark 8 Schilling (Hamburg Mark), while that of the petty burghership was 46 Mark 8 Schilling.Claudia Thorn, ''Handelsfrauen, Bürgerfrauen und Bürgerwitwen. Zur Bedeutung des Bürgerrechts für Frauen in Hamburg im 19. Jahrhundert bis zu seiner Aufhebung 1864'', Hamburg, 1995, Other ways to become a Grand Burgher included marrying a grand burgher or, subject to meeting constitutional conditions, the daughter of a grand burgher born in the city or town. These rules varied locally.

German Revolution of 1918–19

Following the German Revolution of 1918–19, the German "Großbürger," along with German nobility as a legally defined class, was abolished on August 11, 1919, with the promulgation of the Weimar Constitution. Under this constitution, all Germans were made equal before the law, and the legal rights and privileges of the Großbürger (Grand Burgher) and all ranks of nobility ceased. Any titles held prior to the Weimar Constitution were permitted to continue merely as part of the family name and heritage or were erased from future name use. Despite this, the Grand Burghers continued to retain their powerful economic significance, political authority, and influence, as well as their personal status and importance in society, beyond the Weimar Constitution.

Other states, other developments

It seems that this medieval German concept was adopted by other countries and cities. In Hamburg, hereditary grand and ordinary petty burghership existed before 1600,Mirjam Litten, ''Bürgerrecht und Bekenntnis: Städtische Optionen zwischen Konfessionalisierung und Säkularisierung in Münster, Hildesheim und Hamburg'', 2003, S. 30 and similarly in France. In 1657, the Dutch council of New Netherland established criteria for the rights of burghers in New Amsterdam (present-day New York City), distinguishing between "great" and "petty" burgher rights, following the distinction made in Amsterdam in 1652.Janny Venema, ''Beverwijck: a Dutch village on the American frontier, 1652-1664'', 2003, p. 107 In New Amsterdam during the mid-1600s, the ordinary petty-burghership was conferred at the administration expense of 20 Dutch florins, while the hereditary great-burghership 50 florins. In 1664, the concept was assumed by Beverwijck (present-day Albany).

See also

* Patrician (ancient Rome)
* Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
* Aristocracy (class)
* Gentry
* Hanseaten (class)
* Burgess (title)
* Bourgeoisie
* Bildungsbürgertum
* Estates of the realm
* Franklin (class)
* Junker
* Hereditary title
* Nobility
* National Liberal Party (Germany)

References

Further reading

* ''Lehrbuch des teutschen Privatrechts; Landrecht und Lehnrecht enthaltend. Vom Geheimen Rath Schmalz zu Berlin.'' Theodor von Schmalz, Berlin, 1818, bei Duncker und Humblot. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in München. (English: ''Textbook of German Private Law; containing State Law and Feudal Law. By Privy Counsellor Schmalz of Berlin.'' Theodor von Schmalz, Berlin, 1818, Duncker and Humblot.), in German, Bavarian State Library in Munich.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Burgher
Social class in Germany
Law of the Holy Roman Empire
Social history of the Holy Roman Empire
History of Hamburg
Hanseatic Cities
Medieval history of Germany
Titles
Noble titles
Men's social titles
Women's social titles