Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci (27 July 1835 – 16 February 1907) was an Italian poet, writer, literary critic and teacher. He was noticeably influential, and was regarded as the official
national poet
A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished ...
of modern Italy. In 1906, he became the first Italian to receive the
Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature, here meaning ''for'' Literature (), is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in ...
. The
Swedish Academy
The Swedish Academy (), founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Its 18 members, who are elected for life, comprise the highest Swedish language authority. Outside Scandinavia, it is best known as the body t ...
awarded him the prize "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces."
Biography
Early life and education
Giosuè Carducci was born in Valdicastello in
Pietrasanta
Pietrasanta is a town and ''comune'' on the coast of northern Tuscany in Italy, in the province of Lucca. Pietrasanta is part of Versilia, on the last foothills of the Apuan Alps, about north of Pisa. The town is located off the coast, where the ...
, a small town currently part of the
Province of Lucca
The province of Lucca () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lucca.
It has an area of and a population of about 390,000. The province contains 33 ''comuni'' (: ''comune'').
Geography
Situated in northwester ...
in the northwest corner of
Tuscany
Tuscany ( ; ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of 3,660,834 inhabitants as of 2025. The capital city is Florence.
Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, artistic legacy, and its in ...
, which at the time was
an independent grand duchy. His father, Michele, was a country doctor and an advocate of the unification of Italy. A member of the
Carboneria, in his youth he had suffered imprisonment for his share in the
revolution of 1831. Because of his politics, the family was forced to move several times during Carducci's childhood, eventually settling for a few years in
Florence
Florence ( ; ) is the capital city of the Italy, Italian region of Tuscany. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 362,353 inhabitants, and 989,460 in Metropolitan City of Florence, its metropolitan province as of 2025.
Florence ...
.
Carducci's father attempted to impart to his son his own fervent enthusiasm for the writings of
Manzoni, but Carducci never acquired a taste for
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to advocate for the importance of subjec ...
. The boy was also taught
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
by his father and delighted in the works of
Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (; 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Rome, ancient Roman poet of the Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Augustan period. He composed three of the most fa ...
and other ancient authors. He avidly read books on the
history of Rome and anything dealing with the
French Revolution. He wrote his first poems when he was still a boy, in 1846.
After the failure of the
revolution of 1848, the Carducci family was obliged to move. The threat of violence became too great for Carducci's father, and the family relocated first to
Lajatico, then to Florence.
Carducci went to religious schools until 1852, and was influenced by his rhetoric teacher, the
Piarist Father Geremia Barsottini, who had translated into Italian prose all the ''
odes'' or
Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (; 8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC), Suetonius, Life of Horace commonly known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). Th ...
. The boy became fascinated with the restrained style of
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
and
Roman Antiquity, and translated Book 9 of
Homer
Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his autho ...
's ''
Iliad
The ''Iliad'' (; , ; ) is one of two major Ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the ''Odyssey'', the poem is divided into 24 books and ...
'' into Italian. In these years Carducci became further impassioned in the cause of
Italian unification
The unification of Italy ( ), also known as the Risorgimento (; ), was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 ended in the annexation of various states of the Italian peninsula and its outlying isles to the Kingdom of ...
and discovered the works of
Ugo Foscolo
Ugo Foscolo (; 6 February 177810 September 1827), born Niccolò Foscolo, was an Italian writer, revolutionary and poet.
He is especially remembered for his 1807 long poem ''Dei Sepolcri''.
Early life
Foscolo was born in Zakynthos in the Ionia ...
and
Giuseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini (, ; ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the ...
. After completing his education, Carducci followed his wandering father to
Celle sul Rigo on
Monte Amiata, but soon after won a
scholarship
A scholarship is a form of Student financial aid, financial aid awarded to students for further education. Generally, scholarships are awarded based on a set of criteria such as academic merit, Multiculturalism, diversity and inclusion, athleti ...
to the prestigious
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
The Scuola Normale Superiore (commonly known in Italy as "la Normale") is a public university in Pisa and Florence, Tuscany, Italy, currently attended by about 600 undergraduate and postgraduate (PhD) students. Together with the University of Pi ...
.
Early works

In 1855, Carducci published his first work, ''L'arpa del popolo'', an
anthology
In book publishing, an anthology is a collection of literary works chosen by the compiler; it may be a collection of plays, poems, short stories, songs, or related fiction/non-fiction excerpts by different authors. There are also thematic and g ...
of Italian poetry for use in schools, and a year later he received his
doctorate
A doctorate (from Latin ''doctor'', meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism '' licentia docendi'' ("licence to teach ...
and a certification for teaching. He took a position as a rhetoric teacher in a
secondary school
A secondary school, high school, or senior school, is an institution that provides secondary education. Some secondary schools provide both ''lower secondary education'' (ages 11 to 14) and ''upper secondary education'' (ages 14 to 18), i.e., b ...
at the
gymnasium in
San Miniato, Pisa.
In this period Carducci began working on his first major collection of poems. The collection was published in six books in 1871 under the title of ''Juvenilia''. Carducci's early verses exhibit the strong influence of classical models, of the ''
stilnovisti'', of
Dante
Dante Alighieri (; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri; – September 14, 1321), widely known mononymously as Dante, was an Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer, and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called ...
and
Petrarch
Francis Petrarch (; 20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374; ; modern ), born Francesco di Petracco, was a scholar from Arezzo and poet of the early Italian Renaissance, as well as one of the earliest Renaissance humanism, humanists.
Petrarch's redis ...
and, among the moderns,
Alfieri,
Monti,
Foscolo and
Leopardi. But the Carduccian spirit is already visible; his love for the beauty of style, the purity of sentiments and the celebration of liberty, as well as the ability to appreciate all that is genuine, therefore also the language of the common people.
With several friends, among them Giuseppe Chiarini and Torquato Gargani, Carducci founded a literary society, ''Amici Pedanti'', a group that was essentially anti-Romantic and
anti-Catholic
Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents. Scholars have identified four categories of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cul ...
. They believed that ltaly's only hope for the future was in the revival of the classical,
pagan
Paganism (, later 'civilian') is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Christianity, Judaism, and Samaritanism. In the time of the ...
spirit of the ancient world, which was emphasized as still existing in the Italian land and blood. Such opinions naturally provoked violent objections, both from Romantcs and from those who favored the ''status quo'', Carducci freely and ferociously responded in prose to the attacks many times. His first collection of poetry, ''Rime'', appeared in July, 1857.
Although Carducci won a competition for the Chair of Greek in a secondary school in
Arezzo
Arezzo ( , ; ) is a city and ''comune'' in Italy and the capital of the Province of Arezzo, province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about southeast of Florence at an elevation of Above mean sea level, above sea level. As of 2 ...
, his political opinions and his father's political record as a revolutionary caused the granducal government to deny him the appointment. Carducci was forced to return to Florence, where he eked out a living by giving private lessons. In November, his
depression became worse when his brother Dante killed himself for unknown reasons. After the death of his father (1858), Carducci was compelled to take care of his family, whose affairs were in disarray. He moved with his mother and brother into a very poor house in Florence, continuing his private lessons. He also began to collaborate with the publisher Gaspero Barbera; together they founded a short-lived
literary magazine, ''Il Poliziano''. Despite his financial situation, Carducci married Elvira Menicucci in March, 1859.
Italian unification
On April 27 of that year, the
Grand Duchy
A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.
Prior to the early 1800s, the only Grand duchy in Europe was located in what is now Italy: Tuscany ( ...
was dissolved and Tuscany joined the newly formed
Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (, ) was a unitary state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy wa ...
. Carducci's fortunes began to turn for the better. First, he was offered the Chair of Greek in the secondary school of
Pistoia
Pistoia (; ) is a city and ''comune'' in the Italian region of Tuscany, the capital of a province of the same name, located about north-west of Florence and is crossed by the Ombrone Pistoiese, a tributary of the River Arno. It is a typic ...
, where he remained for nearly a year; then, the Minister of Public Education,
Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere, appointed him to the Chair of Italian Eloquence at the
University of Bologna
The University of Bologna (, abbreviated Unibo) is a Public university, public research university in Bologna, Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students () by the late 12th century. It is the ...
. Carducci soon became a popular lecturer. He was somewhat ambivalent toward his professorial role and its traditional
philological
Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also defined as the study of ...
orientation and fretted about its effect on his poetry, but the position allowed him to deepen his acquaintance with the
classics
Classics, also classical studies or Ancient Greek and Roman studies, is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, ''classics'' traditionally refers to the study of Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek and Roman literature and ...
and with the literature of other nations. His political views also changed. Under
Victor Emmanuel II, Carducci had been an idealistic
monarchist in support of the union of Italy, but after
Garibaldi was wounded and captured by Italian troops in the
battle of Aspromonte in 1862, Carducci allied himself with the democratic republicans and became more pronouncedly
Jacobin
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution (), renamed the Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality () after 1792 and commonly known as the Jacobin Club () or simply the Jacobins (; ), was the most influential political cl ...
and anticlerical, venting his intense feelings in aggressive poetry.
His anti-clerical revolutionary vehemence was prominently showcased in one famous poem, the deliberately blasphemous and provocative ("Hymn to Satan"). "Satan" / "Lucifer" was considered by Italian
leftists
Left-wing politics describes the range of Ideology#Political ideologies, political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy either as a whole or of certain social ...
of the time as a metaphor for the rebellious and freethinking spirit. The poem was composed in 1863 as a dinner party toast, published in 1865, and then republished in 1869 by Bologna's radical newspaper, ''Il Popolo'', as a provocation timed to coincide with the
First Vatican Council
The First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the First Vatican Council or Vatican I, was the 20th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, held three centuries after the preceding Council of Trent which was adjourned in 156 ...
, a time when revolutionary fervour directed against the papacy was running high as republicans pressed both politically and militarily for an end to the Vatican's domination over the
Papal States
The Papal States ( ; ; ), officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th c ...
. In 1866 Carducci was initiated at the
Masonic
Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizati ...
lodge "Galvani" of Bologna.
Literary fame
While "Inno a Satana" had quite a revolutionary impact, Carducci's finest poetry came in later years. He published his ''Giambi'' (
iambics; later ''Giambi ed epodi''), a collection of polemical poems, under the pseudonym "Enotrio Romano"; the poems reveal Carducci's affinities with
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romanticism, Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician.
His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchbac ...
and
Heinrich Heine
Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; ; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was an outstanding poet, writer, and literary criticism, literary critic of 19th-century German Romanticism. He is best known outside Germany for his ...
. By 1872, Carducci had begun to control his polemical instincts, and some of his finest poems, later collected in ''The New Lyrics'', were written in the 1870s. ''
Barbarian Odes'', begun in 1873, are considered his most influential work, and contain some of his most celebrated poems.
In the ''Barbarian Odes'' Carducci endeavored to imitate ancient classical
stanza
In poetry, a stanza (; from Italian ''stanza'', ; ) is a group of lines within a poem, usually set off from others by a blank line or indentation. Stanzas can have regular rhyme and metrical schemes, but they are not required to have either. ...
forms, such as the
Alcaic and the
Sapphic. Since they were based on stress and not on syllabic quantity, he believed they would have sounded ‘barbaric’ to classical poets: hence the title of the collection.

Following the publication of the ''Barbarian Odes'', Carducci became an object of adulation for the younger generation of Italian poets. Periodicals such as ''Fanfulla della Domenica'', ''Cronaca'' ''bizantina'', and ''Domenica letteraria'' helped spread his fame. ''New Barbarian Odes'' solidified his reputation, and he assumed the role of national poet.
The 1880s were for Carducci a period of intense literary activity. In 1881 he began to write for ''Cronaca bizantina'', a flamboyant and very successful literary journal that numbered among its contributors the likes of
Giovanni Marradi,
Matilde Serao
image:Picture of Matilde Serao.jpg, Matilde Serao, by "Rossi"
Matilde Serao (; ; 14 March 1856 – 25 July 1927) was an Italian journalist and novelist. She was the first woman called to edit an Italian newspaper, Il ''Corriere di Roma'' and late ...
,
Edoardo Scarfoglio, Guido Magnoni, and
Gabriele D'Annunzio. Within the next few years he published the three admirable volumes of his ''Confessioni e'' ''Batlaglie'' (1882), the ''Ça Ira''
sonnets
A sonnet is a fixed poetic form with a structure traditionally consisting of fourteen lines adhering to a set Rhyme scheme, rhyming scheme. The term derives from the Italian word ''sonetto'' (, from the Latin word ''sonus'', ). Originating in ...
(1883), and a considerable number of articles, pamphlets and essays.
His lyrical production, too, seemed to reach its perfection in these years of tense, unrelenting work; for the ''Canzone'' ''di Legnano'', the Odes to Rome and to Monte Mario, the
Elegy
An elegy is a poem of serious reflection, and in English literature usually a lament for the dead. However, according to ''The Oxford Handbook of the Elegy'', "for all of its pervasiveness ... the 'elegy' remains remarkably ill defined: sometime ...
on the urn of
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ; 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English writer who is considered one of the major English Romantic poets. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame durin ...
, the ringing rhymes of the ''Intermezzo'', in which he happily blended the satire of Heine with the lyrical form of his native poetry – all belong to this period.
In the Late 19th century Carducci's political and philosophical views shifted; he resigned himself to
constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. ...
and acquired a more religious attitude, with some appreciation of the Church's mission, though he remained fundamentally anticlerical.
Later life and international success
The last two decades of Carducci's life were filled with misery. In 1885, he became ill. Five years later he was made a
senator
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or Legislative chamber, chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the Ancient Rome, ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior ...
by the King of Italy, but in 1899, a stroke paralyzed his hand and nearly deprived him of speech. He continued working, despite the setbacks, publishing his last volume of poetry, ''Rime e ritmi'' (Rhymes and Rhythms), in 1899 and collecting his works from 1850 to 1900. In 1904, he resigned from teaching. His disciple
Giovanni Pascoli replaced him as professor of
Italian literature at the University of Bologna.
In 1906, Carducci became the first Italian to receive the
Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature, here meaning ''for'' Literature (), is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in ...
. He died the following year in Bologna, at the age of 71. His funeral, celebrated in
San Petronio, was followed by a procession through the streets of the city attended by a large crowd. He is buried in the
Certosa di Bologna. A monument in his honor was erected in Bologna between 1908 and 1926 to a design by
Leonardo Bistolfi.
Religious views
In his youth Carducci was an atheist, whose political views were vehemently hostile to the Catholic Church. In the course of his life, his views on religion shifted towards a socially oriented
theism
Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of at least one deity. In common parlance, or when contrasted with '' deism'', the term often describes the philosophical conception of God that is found in classical theism—or the co ...
which he exposed in his famous "Discorso sulla libertà perpetua di
San Marino
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, is a landlocked country in Southern Europe, completely surrounded by Italy. Located on the northeastern slopes of the Apennine Mountains, it is the larger of two European microstates, microsta ...
" ("A Speech on San Marino's Perpetual Freedom"), pronounced on 30 September 1894 before the authorities and people of that ancient Republic and celebrating "the Universal God of Peoples, Mazzini's and
Washington's God". According to some sources Carducci was reconciled to the Catholic Church in 1895. On 11 September 1978,
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul I (born Albino Luciani; 17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal h ...
mentioned him as a "model" for university professors and teachers of
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
.
Legacy

Carducci dominated the Italian literary scene in the last thirty or forty years of the 19th century. He is considered one of the greatest lyric poets of modern Italy. Carducci's works are exceptional in their synthesis of literary qualities often seen as opposites. Though his life coincided with the height of Romanticism in Italy, he took the classical mode as his paradigm of artistic creation. This might have made him a curious anachronism, but his passion and his agility with classical form kept his works free of the servility that mars much
neoclassical poetry. In the ''Rime nuove'' Carducci proves a skilful reworker of medieval themes in poems such as ‘Il comune rustico’, ‘Sui campi di Marengo’, and ‘Faida di comune’ (as also in ''La canzone di Legnano'' of 1879); whilst he achieves remarkable blends of neoclassical and romantic motifs in ‘Primavere elleniche’ and pure moments of autobiographical lyricism in ‘Idillio maremmano’, ‘Pianto antico’, and ‘Davanti a San Guido’. Of the ''Odi barbare'' ‘Alla stazione in una mattina d'autunno’, which culminates in the image of the steam engine carrying his beloved away from him like a fiery
Moloch, is one of the most impressive Italian poems of all time. The
Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna is housed in the Casa Carducci, the house where he died, and contains an exhibit on the author. Carducci's poems have been translated several times into English. The crater
Carducci on
Mercury is named in his honor.
Works

It is not always easy to follow the development of Carducci's poetry through the collections he edited. The poet in fact organized his compositions several times and in different ways and gave a definitive arrangement only later in the edition of his ''Opere'' published for Zanichelli between 1889 and 1909. The following is a list of poetic works published in one volume, then rearranged into the 20 volumes of his ''Opere''.
* ''Rime'', San Miniato, 1857.
* ', 1868.
* ''Poesie'', Firenze, Barbera, 1871.
* ''Primavere elleniche'', 1872.
* ''Nuove poesie'', 1873.
* ''
Odi barbare'', 1877.
* ''Juvenilia'', 1880.
* ''Levia Gravia'', 1881.
* ', 1882.
* ''Nuove odi barbare'', 1882.
* ', 1887.
* ''Terze odi barbare'', 1889.
* ''Delle Odi barbare. Libri II ordinati e corretti'', 1893.
* ', 1899.
* ''Poesie. MDCCCL-MCM'', 1901.
Below are the poetic volumes in the ''Opere''. The volumes, however, do not correspond to the chronological order with which the poet had published his first collections, but refer more than anything else to the distinctions of genres and therefore we find poems of the same period in different collections. The collections follow this order:
* ''Juvenilia'', in six books, 1850–1860
* ''Levia Gravia'', in two books, 1861–1871
* ''Inno a Satana'', 1863
* ''Giambi ed Epodi'', in two books, 1867–1879
* ''Intermezzo'', 1874–1887
* ''Rime Nuove'', in nine books, 1861–1887
* ''Odi barbare'', in two books, 1873–1889
* ''Rime e Ritmi'', 1889–1898
* ''Della Canzone di Legnano'', Part I, 1879
Although his reputation rests primarily on his poetry, Carducci also produced a large body of prose works. Indeed, his prose writings, including literary criticism, biographies, speeches and essays, fill some 20 volumes.
Carducci’s best critical works are his ample commentary on the works of
Parini, his essay on
Dante
Dante Alighieri (; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri; – September 14, 1321), widely known mononymously as Dante, was an Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer, and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called ...
’s ''
Rime'', his defense of
Tasso’s ''
Aminta'', and his study of the early works of
Foscolo. Carducci edited several editions of Italian classical authors, including
Petrarch
Francis Petrarch (; 20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374; ; modern ), born Francesco di Petracco, was a scholar from Arezzo and poet of the early Italian Renaissance, as well as one of the earliest Renaissance humanism, humanists.
Petrarch's redis ...
,
Lorenzo de' Medici
Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (), known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (; 1 January 1449 – 9 April 1492), was an Italian statesman, the ''de facto'' ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. Lore ...
,
Poliziano
Agnolo (or Angelo) Ambrogini (; 14 July 1454 – 24 September 1494), commonly known as Angelo Poliziano () or simply Poliziano, anglicized as Politian, was an Italian classical scholar and poet of the Florentine Renaissance. His scholars ...
and
Salvator Rosa. He was also an important translator of German poetry into Italian, in particular of Heine and
Goethe
Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language. His work has had a wide-ranging influence on Western literature, literary, Polit ...
.
See also
*
Jessie White Mario
Notes
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
*
*
List of works*
*
*
Carducci poemsOriginal Italian text
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carducci, Giosue
1835 births
1907 deaths
Burials at Certosa cemetery
People from Pietrasanta
19th-century Italian poets
Italian male poets
Nobel laureates in Literature
Italian Nobel laureates
University of Pisa alumni
19th-century Italian male writers
19th-century atheists
20th-century atheists
Translators of Homer
Italian Freemasons
Writers from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa alumni