Gesellschaft Für Neue Musik

''Gemeinschaft'' () and ''Gesellschaft'' (), generally translated as "community and society", are categories which were used by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in order to categorize social relationships into two types. The Gesellschaft is associated with modern society and rational self-interest, which weakens the traditional bonds of family and local community that typify the Gemeinschaft. Max Weber, a founding figure in sociology, also wrote extensively about the relationship between ''Gemeinschaft'' and ''Gesellschaft''. Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies.

''Gemeinschaft''–''Gesellschaft'' dichotomy

According to the dichotomy, social ties can be categorized, on one hand, as belonging to personal social interactions, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions (''Gemeinschaft'', German, commonly translated as "community"), or on the other hand as belonging to indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions (''Gesellschaft'', German, commonly translated as society as in association, corporation, including company, modern state and academia). The ''Gemeinschaft–Gesellschaft'' dichotomy was proposed by Tönnies as a purely conceptual tool rather than as an ideal type in the way it was used by Max Weber to accentuate the key elements of a historical social change.

Tönnies was a Thomas Hobbes scholarhe edited the standard modern editions of Hobbes's ''The Elements of Law'' and ''Leviathan''. It was his study of Hobbes that encouraged Tönnies to devote himself wholly to the philosophy of history and the philosophy of law. And it has been argued that he derived both categories from Hobbes's concepts of "concord" and "union".

The second edition, published in 1912, of the work in which Tönnies further promoted the concepts turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success after the first edition was published in 1887 with the subtitle "Treatise on Communism and Socialism as Empirical Patterns of Culture". Seven more German editions followed, the last in 1935, and it became part of the general stock of ideas with which pre-1933 German intellectuals were quite familiar. The book sparked a revival of corporatist thinking, including the rise of neo-medievalism, the rise of support for guild socialism, and caused major changes in the field of sociology.Peter F. Klarén, Thomas J. Bossert. ''Promise of development: theories of change in Latin America''. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press, 1986. P. 221. The distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was a large part of the discussion and debate about what constitutes community, among heavily influenced social theorists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century such as Georg Simmel, Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.

The concepts ''Gemeinschaft'' and ''Gesellschaft'' were also used by Max Weber in ''Economy and Society'', which was first published in 1921. Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies,Weber 1968, p. 4, and 40-43. and argued that ''Gemeinschaft'' is rooted in a "subjective feeling" that may be "affectual or traditional". ''Gesellschaft''-based relationships, according to Weber, are rooted in "rational agreement by mutual consent", the best example of which is a commercial contract. To emphasize the fluidity and amorphousness of the relationship between ''Gemeinschaft'' and ''Gesellschaft'', Weber modified the terms in German to ''Vergemeinschaftung'', and ''Vergesellschaftung'', which are the gerund forms of the German words. Weber's distinction between ''Gemeinschaft'' and ''Gesellschaft'' is highlighted in the essay "Classes, Stände, Parties", which is the basis for Weber's three-component theory of stratification.

Having put forward his conception of the ''Gemeinschaft''–''Gesellschaft'' dichotomy, Tönnies was drawn into a sharp polemic with Émile Durkheim. In a review of Tönnies's book in 1889, Durkheim interpreted ''Gemeinschaft'' as having mechanical solidarity, and ''Gesellschaft'' as having organic solidarity, reproaching Tönnies for considering the second type of social organisation artificial and not expanding on the transition from the one type to the other. Durkheim stated that Tönnies's approach to understanding ''Gesellschaft'' was "completely ideological" but that "one cannot fail to recognize in this book truly forceful thinking and an uncommon power of organization." Tönnies did not agree with Durkheim's interpretation of his views, and in turn, when reviewing Durkheim's ''The Division of Labour in Society'' (1896), wrote that Durkheim failed to deal critically enough with the division of labor and that Durkheim's whole sociology was a modification of Spencer's (who had his own dichotomy between what he called the "militant society" and the "industrial society").

In World War I propaganda self-sacrificing (virtuous) women were portrayed as the heart of the ''Gemeinschaft'' by providing the model for the dutiful wartime home maker supporting the war effort by sending their men (husbands and sons) to serve in the war, and maintaining the home in their absence. (In the wartime propaganda this "virtuous woman" was an ideal contrasted to less desirable archetypes that was presented as immoral or unethical women).

Globalization

Eric Hobsbawm argued that, as globalization turns the entire planet into an increasingly remote kind of ''Gesellschaft'', so too collective identity politics seeks for a fictitious remaking of the qualities of ''Gemeinschaft'' by artificially reforging group bonds and identities.Eric Hobsbawm, ''Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism'' (2007), p. 93.

Fredric Jameson highlights the ambivalent envy felt by those constructed by ''Gesellschaft'' for remaining enclaves of ''Gemeinschaft'', even as they inevitably corrode their existence.M. Hardt/K. Weeks ed., ''The Jameson Reader'' (2000) p. 145

Latest edition

* ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. 1880-1935.'', hrsg. v. Bettina Clausen und Dieter Haselbach, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2019 (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, Band 2).

See also

* Antipositivism
* Collaborative innovation network
* Mechanical and organic solidarity
* Normal type
* Reflexivity (social theory)
* Social action
* Structure and agency
* ''Verstehen''
* ''Volksgemeinschaft''

Notes

References

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*Tönnies, Ferdinand '' Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe'' , critical edition, 24 vols., tom. II (forthcoming), ed. Lars Clausen, Alexander Deichsel et al., Berlin/New York (de Gruyter): 1998– ), ''see'' external weblin
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* Emile Durkheim. A review of Ferdinand Tönnies' Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft.
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Community building
German words and phrases
Identity politics
Social psychology
Social concepts
Sociological terminology
Corporatism

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