Germán Arciniegas Angueyra (December 6, 1900 - November 29, 1999) was a
Colombian historian, writer and journalist who was known for his advocacy of educational and cultural issues, as well as his outspoken opposition to dictatorship. He also served as a college professor and held positions in the government, including Minister of Education and several ambassadorships.
[Encyclopædia Britannica: Germán Arciniegas](_blank)
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Family
Arciniegas was the son of Rafael Arciniegas Tavera, a farmer, and his wife Aurora Angueyra Figueredo. He had three brothers and four sisters. His father died young, leaving his mother struggling to support the family, his sister Maria Mercedes and his younger brother Joaquín Arciniegas Tavera migrated to El Salvador. His maternal great-grandfather was Perucho Figueredo, an early Cuban freedom fighter
A freedom fighter is a person engaged in a struggle to achieve political freedom, particularly against an established government. The term is typically reserved for those who are actively involved in armed or otherwise violent rebellion.
Termi ...
who wrote La Bayamesa, Cuba's national anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American, Central Asian, and European ...
. Both of Perucho's daughters fled the country when he was executed. Luz, the younger daughter, was married to a Cuban engineer who went to Colombia to help build a railroad line. It was there, amid the dangers of the jungle, that Germán's mother was born.
Early years
At the age of eighteen, he began studying law at the National University of Colombia. At that time he had already created two journals: ''Año Quinto'' (1916) and ''Voz de la Juventud'' (1917). While a student he founded and managed the magazine ''Universidad'' (1921). He collaborated with many well-known figures at all three periodicals, including Luis López de Mesa, José Vasconcelos
José Vasconcelos Calderón (28 February 1882 – 30 June 1959), called the "cultural " of the Mexican Revolution, was an important Mexicans, Mexican writer, philosopher, and politician. He is one of the most influential and controversial pers ...
, León de Greiff and José Juan Tablada, who introduced the haiku
is a type of short form poetry that originated in Japan. Traditional Japanese haiku consist of three phrases composed of 17 Mora (linguistics), morae (called ''On (Japanese prosody), on'' in Japanese) in a 5, 7, 5 pattern; that include a ''kire ...
into Spanish literature via ''Universidad''. His love of journalism led him to establish and manage numerous cultural magazines throughout his life. In 1928, he joined '' El Tiempo'', a daily newspaper in Bogotá, where he managed the editorial section, put together the Sunday Literary Supplement and wrote a weekly column, becoming the general manager in 1937. He would continue to contribute articles and opinion pieces to El Tiempo for the rest of his life, speaking out against drug trafficking, Marxist guerrillas and restrictive immigration policies.
With the assistance of Carlos Pellicer, he established the Federation of Colombian Students. The group opposed Jesuit
The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
influence in the nation's universities and held student carnivals which verged on riots. He narrowly missed being killed when a bullet grazed his head at one student rally. Their activism eventually helped to end the Conservative Party's grip on the government and, in 1933, led to the passage of university reforms, which gave students the right to elect their own rectors and have a representative in the legislature to act as their advocate; a position Arciniegas held for a time.[La Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango del Banco de la República: Germán Arciniegas](_blank)
/ref> For him, students were the axis around which all political and intellectual movements had turned throughout history. This gave rise to his first book ''El Estudiante de la Mesa Redonda'' (The Student of the Round Table, 1932), in which he speaks of history as a "tavern" with the students sitting at a single table, drinking, recounting their deeds and laughing at everybody else.
Later career
He continued his fight for students' rights during his brief tenures as Minister of Education in 1942 and 1945-46. During this time, he founded the Caro and Cuervo Institute and moved the Colombian National Museum to its current home in a former prison building.
During World War II, he supported giving aid and asylum to refugees. This was in opposition to Luis López de Mesa, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, who prohibited the entry of Jews into Colombia. Due to this resurgence of Conservative ideology in the 1940s, Arciniegas felt that he and his family were in danger and moved to the United States, taking advantage of an offer to teach at Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
. He lived in New York for ten years (1947–57). At this time, he wrote his most important and most often banned book, ''Entre la Libertad y el Miedo'' (Between Freedom and Fear, 1952). The work analyzes a critical period in Latin-America, when seven dictators were in power at the same time. He also criticized the U.S. State Department for its conciliatory behavior towards these regimes and, as a result, was detained for questioning several times after returning from trips abroad. The publication and translation of the book was prohibited in at least ten countries. General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, the President of Colombia, accused Arciniegas of being a Communist and ordered all of his books to be burnt. Rafael Trujillo
Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina ( ; ; 24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed ''El Jefe'' (; "the boss"), was a Dominican military officer and dictator who ruled the Dominican Republic from August 1930 until Rafael Trujillo#Assassination, ...
, the dictator of the Dominican Republic, put Arciniegas on his hit list.
In terms of culture, Arciniegas strove to achieve and maintain a synthesis between the indigenous and the European. This approach was the driving force behind all of his diplomatic and political activities. He served as vice consul
A consul is an official representative of a government who resides in a foreign country to assist and protect citizens of the consul's country, and to promote and facilitate commercial and diplomatic relations between the two countries.
A consu ...
in London (1929), chancellor at the Colombian embassy in Argentina (1940) and as Ambassador to Italy (1959), Israel (1962), Venezuela (1966) and the Holy See
The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop ...
(1976). In all of these positions, he acted as an advocate for the art and culture of America, which he perceived as extending from Alaska to Patagonia. From 1960 to 1965 Arciniegas edited the Spanish language magazine of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, '' Cuadernos''.
In 1992, he was appointed President of the ''National Commission for the Celebration of the Five-Hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of America''. He was summarily dismissed by then First-Lady Ana Milena Muñoz de Gaviria, who took over the commission herself; an action that generated much controversy.
Honors and awards
* Order of Civil Merit Grand Cross of Spain (1982)
*Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic () is the most senior Italian order of merit. It was established in 1951 by the second President of Italy, President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi.
The highest-ranking honour of the Republi ...
(1962)
* Maria Moors Cabot Prize (1963)
* Alfonso Reyes International Prize (1994)
*Honorary member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua (1949).
* Doctor Honoris Causa at the Faculty of Humanities and Education of the Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña (UNPHU, 1984).UNPHU: Dr. Honoris Causa V
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Selected works
English
* ''The Knight of El Dorado: The Tale of Don Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and His Conquest of New Granada'', translated by Mildred Adams, Viking Press (1942)
* ''Germans in the Conquest of America: A Sixteenth-Century Venture'', translated by Ángel Flores, Macmillan (1943)
* ''The State of Latin-America: Twenty Nations Between Freedom and Fear'', translated by Harriet de Onís, Knopf (1952)
* ''Latin-America: A Cultural History'', translated by Joan MacLean, Knopf (1967)
* ''Amerigo and the New World : The Life & Times of Amerigo Vespucci'', translated by Harriet de Onís, Octagon (1978)
* ''America in Europe: A History of the New World in Reverse'', translated by Gabriela Arciniegas and Victoria Arana, Harcourt (1986)
* ''Caribbean: Sea of the New World'', translated by Harriet de Onís, Markus Wiener (2003)
Spanish
* ''El Estudiante de la Mesa Redonda'', Ercilla (1937)
* ''Los Comuneros'', Editorial ABC (1938)
* ''Este Pueblo de América'', Fondo de Cultura Economica (1945)
* ''América Mágica. Los Hombres y los Meses'', Sudamericana (1961)
* ''América Mágica. Las Mujeres y las Horas'', Sudamericana (1961)
References
External links
The Guardian: Obituary
Universidad de Los Andes: El Legado de Germán Arciniegas
El Tiempo Archive: Articles by and about Germán Arciniegas
Germán Arciniégas
recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on 23 April 1974
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arciniegas, German
1900 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Colombian historians
Academic staff of the Free University of Colombia
Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners
20th-century Colombian male writers
Magazine founders
Deaths from pneumonia in Colombia
National University of Colombia alumni