Gaj’s Latin alphabet

Gaj's Latin alphabet ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Gajeva latinica, separator=" / ", Гајева латиница}, ), also known as ( sr-Cyrl, абецеда, ) or ( sr-Cyrl, гајица, link=no, ), is the form of the Latin script used for writing all four standard varieties of Serbo-Croatian: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. It contains 27 individual letters and 3 digraphs. Each letter (including digraphs) represents one Serbo-Croatian phoneme, yielding a highly phonemic orthography. It closely corresponds to the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.

The alphabet was initially devised by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1835 during the Illyrian movement in ethnically Croatian parts of the Austrian Empire. It was largely based on Jan Hus's Czech alphabet and was meant to serve as a unified orthography for three Croat-populated kingdoms within the Austrian Empire at the time, namely Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia, and their three dialect groups, Kajkavian, Chakavian and Shtokavian, which historically utilized different spelling rules. The alphabet's final form was defined in the late 19th century.

A slightly reduced version is used as the alphabet for Slovene, and a slightly expanded version is used for modern standard Montenegrin. A modified version is used for the romanization of Macedonian. It further influenced alphabets of Romani languages that are spoken in Southeast Europe, namely Vlax and Balkan Romani.

Letters

The alphabet consists of thirty upper and lower case letters:

Letters are referred to by their name: ''a, be, ce, če, će, de, dže, đe, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, elj, em, en, enj, o, pe, er, es, eš, te, u, ve, ze, že'', or, in the case of consonants, by being appended by schwa, e.g. . In mathematics, is commonly pronounced ''jot'', as in the German of Germany.

Foreign letters

Various foreign letters are utilised in orthographically unadapted loanwords and foreign proper names, such as ''Québec''. Orthographically unadapted spelling of foreign names and some loanwords is standard in Croatia, whereas Serbians prefer to use orthographically adapted spellings. Non-native letters Q, W, X, and Y appear on the Serbo-Croatian keyboard. These four letters are usually named as follows: as ''kve'' or ''ku'', as ''duplo ve'' or ''dvostruko ve'', as ''iks'', and as ''ipsilon''.

Digraphs

Digraphs , and are considered to be single letters, and they signify single phonemes. However, they are distinguished from occurences of two such letters that signify two distinct phonemes: ''džep'' (, Cyrillic ''џеп'') uses the digraph, while ''nadživjeti'' (, Cyrillic ''надживјети'', morphological boundary: prefix ''nad-'' + base ''živjeti'') uses two separate letters.
* In dictionaries, ''njegov'' comes after ''novine'', in a separate section after the end of the section; ''bolje'' comes after ''bolnica''; ''nadžak'' (digraph ) comes after ''nadživjeti'' (+ sequence), and so forth.
*If only the initial letter of a word is capitalized, only the first of the two component letters is capitalized: ''Njemačka'' ('Germany'), not ''NJemačka''. Uppercase is used only if the entire word was capitalized: ''NJEMAČKA''. In Unicode, the form is referred to as '' titlecase'', as opposed to the uppercase form , representing one of the few cases in which titlecase and uppercase differ.

*In vertical writing (such as on signs), , , are written horizontally, as a unit. For instance, if ''ulje'' ('oil') is written vertically, appears on the second line. In crossword puzzles, , , each occupy a single square. The word ''mjenjačnica'' ('bureau de change') is written vertically with on the fourth line, while and appear separately on the first and second lines, respectively, because contains two letters, not one.
*If words are written with a space between each letter (such as on signs), each digraph is written as a unit. For instance: ''U LJ E'', ''M J E NJ A Č N I C A''.

Accent marks

The vowels , , , , , along with the syllabic consonants and , can take one of 5 accents: the double grave accent (◌̏) for a short vowel with falling tone, the inverted breve (◌̑) for a long vowel with falling tone, the grave accent (◌̀) for a short vowel with rising tone, the acute accent (◌́) for long vowel with rising tone, and macron (◌̄) for a non-tonic long vowel. These diacritic accents are typically used in dictionaries and linguistic publications, and in poetry to denote metrically correct reading. In ordinary prose they occur when needed to resolve semantic ambiguity between homographs: ('at') vs. ('code'), ('am') vs. ('alone'). For the same reason, the length of an unaccented syllable can be marked with ⟨◌̄⟩ or circumflex ⟨◌̂⟩, without accentuating the rest of the word. This is typically used to distinguish homographic nominative singular and genitive plural forms of nouns, where the genitive plural has a long final vowel: ('book' ) vs. or ('books' ).

History

Croatian Latin alphabet before Gaj

In Croatian writing the Latin alphabet became dominant in the 16th century, marginalising the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic alphabets. In the 17th century there coalesced two major orthographic practices for using the Latin alphabet. Dalmatia used a system based on the Italian orthography, whereas the continental Kaykavian writing was based on Hungarian. In the 18th century the Slavonian orthography arose as well, a mixture of the previous two. However, the specifics of the alphabetic systems tended to vary from writer to writer.

In addition to these three widely used systems, multiple individual writers attempted their own reforms of the alphabet. These include Rajmund Đamanjić (1639), the early 1700s Dubrovnik academy work led by Đuro Matijašević and Ignjat Đurđević, as well as the early 1700s ''Lexicon Latino-Illyricum'' by Pavao Ritter Vitezović.

Gaj's reform and its revisions

The Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet was mostly designed by Ljudevit Gaj, who modelled it after Czech (č, ž, š) and Polish (ć), and invented , and , according to similar solutions in Hungarian (ly, ny and dzs, although dž combinations exist also in Czech (and Polish as dż)). In 1830 in Buda, he published the book ''Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja'' ("Brief basics of the Croatian-Slavonic orthography"), which was the first common Croatian orthography book.

Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography, making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, in the 1830s Ljudevit Gaj did the same for ''latinica'', using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system.

In 1878 Đuro Daničić proposed a replacement of the digraphs , , and with single letters: , , and respectively. Of the four, was accepted in Ivan Broz's 1892 ''Hrvatski pravopis'' ("Croatian Orthography") and it thus became a part of the standard alphabet, though it was not immediately accepted by all writers and publishers. The other three letters remained in use only in certain philological publications. Names of individual people have sometimes retained the pre-''đ'' spelling: ''Ksaver Šandor Gjalski'' (), '' Gjuro Szabo'' ().

Correspondence between Cyrillic and Latin alphabets

Each Cyrillic and Latin Serbo-Croatian letter has its exact counterpart in the other alphabet, although Latin digraphs , and correspond to Cyrillic single letters , and . The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of Gaj's Latin alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic alphabet.

Computing

In the 1990s, there was a general confusion about the proper character encoding to use to write text in Latin Croatian on computers.

*An attempt was made to apply the 7-bit "YUSCII", later "CROSCII", which included the five letters with diacritics at the expense of five non-letter characters ( , @), but it was ultimately unsuccessful. Because the ASCII character @ sorts before A, this led to jokes calling it ''žabeceda'' (''žaba''=frog, ''abeceda''=alphabet).
*Other short-lived vendor-specific efforts were also undertaken.
*The 8-bit ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2) standard was developed by ISO.
*MS-DOS introduced 8-bit encoding CP852 for Central European languages, disregarding the ISO standard.
*Microsoft Windows spread yet another 8-bit encoding called CP1250, which had a few letters mapped one-to-one with ISO 8859-2, but also had some mapped elsewhere.
*Apple's Macintosh Central European encoding does not include the entire Gaj's Latin alphabet. Instead, a separate codepage, called MacCroatian encoding, is used.
*EBCDIC also has a Latin-2 encoding.
The preferred character encoding for Croatian today is either the ISO 8859-2, or the Unicode encoding UTF-8 (with two bytes or 16 bits necessary to use the letters with diacritics). However, , one can still find programs as well as databases that use CP1250, CP852 or even CROSCII.

Digraphs , and in their upper case, title case and lower case forms have dedicated Unicode code points as shown in the table below, However, these are included chiefly for backwards compatibility with legacy encodings which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic; modern texts use a sequence of characters.

Usage for Slovene

Since the early 1840s, Gaj's alphabet was increasingly used for Slovene. In the beginning, it was most commonly used by Slovene authors who treated Slovene as a variant of Serbo-Croatian (such as Stanko Vraz), but it was later accepted by a large spectrum of Slovene-writing authors. The breakthrough came in 1845, when the Slovene conservative leader Janez Bleiweis started using Gaj's script in his journal '' Kmetijske in rokodelske novice'' ("Agricultural and Artisan News"), which was read by a wide public in the countryside. By 1850, Gaj's alphabet (known as ''gajica'' in Slovene) became the only official Slovene alphabet, replacing three other writing systems that had circulated in the Slovene Lands since the 1830s: the traditional '' bohoričica'', named after Adam Bohorič, who codified it; the '' dajnčica'', named after Peter Dajnko; and the '' metelčica'', named after Franc Serafin Metelko.

The Slovene version of Gaj's alphabet differs from the Serbo-Croatian one in several ways:
*The Slovene alphabet does not have the characters and ; the sounds they represent do not occur in Slovene.
*In Slovene, the digraphs and are treated as two separate letters and represent separate sounds (the word polje is pronounced or in Slovene, as opposed to in Serbo-Croatian).
*While the phoneme exists in modern Slovene and is written , it is used in only borrowed words and so and are considered separate letters, not a digraph.

As in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene orthography does not make use of diacritics to mark accent in words in regular writing, but headwords in dictionaries are given with them to account for homographs. For instance, letter can be pronounced in four ways (, , and ), and letter in two ( and , though the difference is not phonemic). Also, it does not reflect consonant voicing assimilation: compare e.g. Slovene and Serbo-Croatian ('junkyard', 'waste').

Usage for Macedonian

Romanization of Macedonian is done according to Gaj's Latin alphabetMacedonian Latin alphabet, Pravopis na makedonskiot literaturen jazik, B. Vidoeski, T. Dimitrovski, K. Koneski, K. Tošev, R. Ugrinova Skalovska - Prosvetno delo Skopje, 1970, p.99 with slight modification. Gaj's ''ć'' and ''đ'' are not used at all, with ''ḱ'' and ''ǵ'' introduced instead. The rest of the letters of the alphabet are used to represent the equivalent Cyrillic letters. Also, Macedonian uses the letter ''dz'', which is not part of the Serbo-Croatian phonemic inventory. As per the orthography, both ''lj'' and ''ĺ'' are accepted as romanisations of љ and both ''nj'' and ''ń'' for њ. For informal purposes, like texting, most Macedonian speakers will omit the diacritics or use a digraph- and trigraph-based system for ease as there is no Macedonian Latin keyboard supported on most systems. For example, ''š'' becomes ''sh'' or ''s'', and ''dž'' becomes ''dzh'' or ''dz''.

Keyboard layout

The standard Gaj's Latin alphabet keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:

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See also

*Glagolitic alphabet
*Yugoslav braille
* Yugoslav manual alphabet
*Romanization of Serbian – describes usage not the alphabet
* Romanization of Montenegrin – describes usage not the alphabet

Notes

References

Sources

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External links

Omniglot

{{List of writing systems

Latin alphabets
Alphabet
Alphabet
Serbo-Croatian language
Slovene alphabet
Writing systems introduced in the 19th century
Bosnian language
1835 introductions