Life and career
Early years
Réjane was born in Paris on 6 June 1856. Her father, a former actor, was on the wikt:front of house, front-of-house staff of the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique. He died when Réjane was about five, leaving his widow in straitened circumstances. She obtained a post at another Parisian theatre, and the young Réjane painted fans to augment the family income. In 1870–71 her education, at the Pension Boulet, was interrupted by the Siege of Paris (1870–71), Siege of Paris and the bloody events of the Paris Commune, Commune. After the fighting ended she returned to her studies and was appointed as a paid assistant to look after the younger pupils. Réjane had ambitions to go on the stage, and, having obtained a reluctant consent from her mother, she successfully applied to François-Joseph Regnier, a distinguished actor and teacher, for admission to his class at the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique, Paris Conservatoire. In 1874 she won the Conservatoire's ''deuxième prix'' (second prize) for comedy. The critic Francisque Sarcey held that she deserved the ''premier prix'', but "A first prize carries with it the right of entrance into the Comédie-Française, and the jury did not think Mademoiselle Réjane, with her little wide-awake face, suited to the vast frame of the House of Molière".Meunier, Dauphin. "Madame Réjane", ''The Yellow Book'', July 1894, pp. 197–206 According to the official regulations, Réjane, as a winner of the ''deuxième prix'', was required to join the company of France's second national theatre, the Théâtre de l'Odéon, Odéon, but she preferred the repertoire and better pay at the Théâtre du Vaudeville, and the Odéon management did not press the point. She made her debut at the Vaudeville in 1875 in the prologue to the ''Revue des deux-mondes'', by Clairville (Louis-François Nicolaïe), Clairville, making an immediate impression. A reviewer commented, "She has the arch and sprightly air of a Parisian Grisette (person), grisette, a flexible voice of an agreeable tone, and perfect self-possession – qualities more than sufficient to succeed on the stage". Later in the year she had her first substantial success, as Niquette in the comedy ''Fanny Lear'' by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy. She remained at the Vaudeville for eight seasons, attracting good notices. The established star at the theatre, Jeanne Julia Bartet, Julia Bartet, had the lion's share of leading roles, but Réjane made her mark. The critic Dauphin Meunier later wrote: In 1877 Réjane made the first of many appearances in London. Parisian theatres customarily closed for a few weeks during the height of summer, and in July, with Vaudeville colleagues, she played at the Gaiety Theatre, London, Gaiety Theatre in the West End theatre, West End in the comedies ''Perfide comme l'onde'', ''Nos alliées'' and ''Aux crochets d'un gendre''. ''The Athenaeum (British magazine), The Athenaeum'' applauded "a display of vivacity and ''wikt:espieglerie, espièglerie'' quite exceptional on the part of Mdlle Réjane", and ''The Morning Post'' found her "infinitely diverting".Variétés and stardom
In 1882, the year after the retirement of Hortense Schneider, star of the Théâtre des Variétés, Réjane was engaged as leading lady there. Her contract at the Variétés allowed her to appear in more serious roles in other theatres, and in 1883 Sarah Bernhardt, who was then running the Ambigu, cast her in the central role of Jean Richepin's ''La Glu''; in that part, and as Adrienne de Boistulbé in Meilhac's ''Ma camarade'' at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in the same year, Réjane attracted highly favourable critical attention. Over the next ten years Réjane appeared at six or more Paris theatres, in an exceptionally wide variety of plays, from new works by Edmond Gondinet (''Clara Soleil'', 1885), Meilhac (''Les demoiselles Clochart'', 1886, and ''Ma cousine'', 1890), Victorien Sardou (''Marquise'', 1889) and Edmond Haraucourt (''Shylock'', 1889), to revivals of classics by Pierre Beaumarchais, Beaumarchais (''The Marriage of Figaro (play), Le mariage de Figaro'', 1889), Alexandre Dumas fils, Dumas (''La Demi-Monde'', 1890) and Aristophanes (''Lysistrata'', 1892). She continually showed the range of her abilities as an actress: in 1887 in ''Allô-Allô'' she played a scene grappling with the difficulties of the new-fangled telephone, which, Meunier recalled, was so funny "that from the gallery to the stalls the theatre was one roar of laughter and applause". In the following year she appeared at the Odéon in a stage adaptation of ''Germinie Lacerteux'' by the Goncourt brothers. The actor and director André Antoine described her performance: Among those who saw the performance was Marcel Proust who became a devoted admirer, and later friend; his character Berma, the great actress in ''À la recherche du temps perdu'', is partly based on Réjane. In 1893 Réjane married Paul Porel, director of the Vaudeville; they had two children – Germaine and Jacques. She appeared at the Vaudeville in a series of successful plays; two of the earliest productions demonstrated her range. In October 1893 she created the role with which she was most closely associated during the rest of her career: Catherine, the outspoken washerwoman-duchess in Sardou and Émile Moreau (playwright), Moreau's historical comedy-drama ''Madame Sans-Gêne (play), Madame Sans-Gêne''. The critical and public response was enthusiastic. In ''Le Figaro'', Henry Fouquier judged that Réjane had turned an artificial character into something delicious, feminine and overwhelming. Another reviewer wrote: Six months later Réjane played Nora in the French premiere of Henrik Ibsen's ''A Doll's House'' ("Une maison de poupée"). Ibsen had never succeeded with Parisian audiences until now, but to his delight the production was a triumph. ''Les Annales du Théâtre et de la Musique, Les annales du théâtre et de la musique'' recorded, "Nora's role is overwhelming; Mademoiselle Réjane took the opportunity of one of the greatest successes of her career. She was able to highlight the very complex character of the role, and with a rare simplicity of means she demonstrated in the famous tarantella scene an admirable dramatic power. Needless to say, it was acclaimed". Another contemporary critic wrote:London and New York
In 1894 Réjane returned to the West End. Since her first appearance there, in 1877, she had been in a production of Alphonse Daudet's ''Le Nabab'' at the Gaiety in 1883. Her reviews then had been good, but her return in June 1894 in ''Madame Sans-Gêne'' prompted superlatives from the critics and drew full houses, even with the counter-attraction of a Bernhardt season at Daly's Theatre. Réjane's season had to be extended by a fortnight to meet demand. In February 1895 Réjane opened at Knickerbocker Theatre (Broadway), Abbey's Theatre in New York for a season comprising ''Madame Sans-Gêne'', ''Divorçons'', ''Sapho'', ''Ma cousine'' and ''A Doll's House''. Reviews for Réjane were excellent, but less so for the plays, and audiences were unresponsive: as an American commentator put it, "The language was, of course, one stumbling block, for a keen understanding of the foreign tongue was more necessary for a taste for Réjane than for the broad effects, say, of a Bernhardt".Izzard, p. 161 Among those in the audience who understood the words there was a substantial section whose broadness of mind did not extend to the content of French plays. ''The New York Times'' later commented that Réjane was "hampered by the moral bias of American audiences". Réjane was so disgusted at the lack of appreciation that she vowed never to return. She took her company back to Paris via London, where they played a season of most of the same plays to full houses at the Garrick Theatre. ''Madame Sans-Gêne'' was once again an immense success, and Henry Irving, Sir Henry Irving negotiated the rights to stage an English version, which he produced at the Lyceum Theatre, London, Lyceum Theatre with Ellen Terry in Réjane's role two years later. Réjane eventually relented and agreed to return to the US, but not until 1904, by which time she had been seen by audiences in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Austria, Romania, Italy, Spain and Portugal. In the meanwhile, at home her marriage was disintegrating, and in 1905 she and Porel were divorced. The children remained with her. The Vaudeville, under Porel's management, being now closed to her, Réjane decided to go into management on her own account.Théâtre Réjane and later years
Réjane was not long without a theatrical base. In 1906 the writer Arnold Bennett, then resident in Paris, wrote: At the Théâtre Réjane its proprietor appeared in twenty new plays and revivals by playwrights ranging from the grandiose Catulle Mendès to the chic Sacha Guitry between 1906 and 1910 – "none of them, perhaps, a new ''Sans-Gêne'' or ''Marquise''", according to her biographer Forrest Izzard, "but each serving to keep in vigorous use one of the rarest talents of the time". Réjane did not appear in every production at her theatre; she was not in the cast of the French premiere of Maurice Maeterlinck's play ''The Blue Bird (play), The Blue Bird'' ("L'oiseau bleu"), given at the Théâtre Réjane in March 1911. Nor did she confine her appearances in Paris to her own theatre; in 1911 and 1916 she appeared at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Henry Bataille's ''L'enfant de l'amour'' and ''L'amazone''. As well as her base in Paris, Réjane hoped to found a French repertory theatre in London. A first step was made in 1906 with a season at the Royalty Theatre, but the plan was not taken further. Réjane sold her Paris theatre in 1918, after which its name was changed to the Théâtre de Paris. Réjane took part in six silent films. Two were versions of ''Madame Sans-Gêne'', the first directed by Clément Maurice, 1900, and Madame Sans-Gêne (1911 film), the second by André Calmettes, 1911. The others were ''Britannicus'' (Calmettes, 1908), ''L'Assomoir'' (Albert Capellani, 1909), ''Alsace'' (Henri Pouctal, 1916) and ''Miarka (1920 film), Miarka'' (Louis Mercanton, 1920). During the First World War, Réjane devoted much effort to helping the Allied cause, and she appeared at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in a patriotic drama called ''Alsace'', and at the London Coliseum in a war-play entitled ''The Bet''. She was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, an event celebrated in February 1920 by a luncheon at the Théâtre de Paris, presided over by President of France, President-elect Paul Deschanel. Réjane died of influenza in Paris on 14 June 1920, aged 64. The following day the front page of ''Le Figaro'' bore the words, "Réjane est morte... Du silence, messieurs et mesdames du Paris de 1920, un peu de silence. Et pour nous, des larmes. Nous perdons l'âme de Paris". – Réjane is dead. ... Silence, gentlemen and ladies of Paris, 1920, a little silence. And for us, tears. We lose the soul of Paris".Gallery
Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Sources
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