Françoise d'Eaubonne (; 12 March 1920 – 3 August 2005) was a French author,

labour rights Labor rights or workers' rights are both legal rights and human rights relating to labor relations between workers and employers. These rights are codified in national and international labor and employment law. In general, the ...

activist,

environmentalist Environmentalism is a broad Philosophy of life, philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of Green politics, g ...

, and

feminist Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern soci ...

. Her 1974 book, ''Le Féminisme ou la Mort'', introduced the term

ecofeminism Ecofeminism integrates feminism and political ecology. Ecofeminist thinkers draw on the concept of gender to analyze relationships between humans and the natural world. The term was coined by the French writer Françoise d'Eaubonne in her 1974 ...

. She co-founded the Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire, a homosexual revolutionary alliance in Paris.

Life and career

Her mother was a teacher, a child of a

Carlist Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, ...

revolutionary. Her father was an anarcho-syndicalist and the secretary general of an insurance company. Both of her parents were members of the religious Sillon movement. When she was at the age of 16, the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...

broke out. Later, she would express her feelings in this period of her life with the title "''Chienne de Jeunesse''". A member of the

French Communist Party The French Communist Party (, , PCF) is a Communism, communist list of political parties in France, party in France. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its Member of the European Parliament, MEPs sit with The Left in the ...

from 1945-1957, in 1971, she co-founded the Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire (FHAR), a homosexual revolutionary movement. Also that year, she signed the Manifesto of the 343 declaring she had an abortion. She is considered the founder of the ecological and social movement of ecofeminism. She created the Ecology-Feminism (Ecologie-Feminisme) Center in Paris in 1972. In 1974 she published her book ''Le féminisme ou la mort'' (Feminism or Death) where she first coined the term

. In the book, she speaks of a special connection women share with nature and encourages women's environmental activism. She cites toxic masculinity as the cause of population growth, pollution, and other destructive influences on the environment. Many scholars shared d'Eaubonne's view on women's inherent connection to nature. These scholars include Sherry Ortner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Susan Griffin, and Carolyn Merchant. Following her motto, "Not a day without a line", Françoise d'Eaubonne wrote more than 50 works, from ''Colonnes de l'âme'' (poetry, 1942) to ''L'Évangile de Véronique'' (essay, 2003). Her historical novel ''Comme un vol de gerfauts'' (1947) was translated into English as ''A Flight of Falcons'', and extracts from her essay ''Feminism or Death'' appeared in the 1974 anthology ''New French Feminisms''. She also wrote

science fiction Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space ...

novels, like ''L'échiquier du temps'' and ''Rêve de feu'', ''Le sous-marin de l'espace''.

Bibliography

*Novels: **''Le cœur de Watteau'', 1944 **''Comme un vol de gerfauts'', prix des lecteurs 1947 **''Indomptable Murcie'' 1949 **''Belle Humeur ou la Véridique Histoire de Mandrin'',1957 **''J'irai cracher sur vos tombes'', 1959 (after the film '' I Spit on Your Grave'') **''Les Tricheurs'', 1959 (after the film '' Les Tricheurs'') **''Jusqu'à la gauche'', 1963 **''Les Bergères de l'Apocalypse'', 1978 **''On vous appelait terroristes'', 1979 **''Je ne suis pas née pour mourir'', 1982 **''Terrorist's blues'', 1987 **''Floralies du désert'', 1995 *Biographies: **''La vie passionnée d'Arthur Rimbaud'', 1957 **''La vie passionnée de Verlaine'', 1959 **''Une femme témoin de son siècle, Germaine de Staël'', 1966 **''La couronne de sable, vie d'Isabelle Eberhardt'', 1967 **''L'éventail de fer ou la vie de Qiu Jin'', 1977 **''Moi, Kristine, reine de Suède'', 1979 **''L'impératrice rouge : moi, Jiang King, veuve Mao'', 1981 **''L'Amazone Sombre : vie d'Antoinette Lix'', 1983 **''Louise Michel la Canaque'', 1985 **''Une femme nommée Castor'', 1986 **''Les scandaleuses'', 1990 **''L'évangile de Véronique'', 2000 *Essays: **''Le complexe de Diane, érotisme ou féminisme'', 1951 **''Y a-t-il encore des hommes?'', 1964 **''Eros minoritaire'', 1970 **''Le féminisme ou la mort'', 1974 ***''

Feminism or death ''Feminism or death'' () is a book of essays about ecofeminism by Françoise d'Eaubonne, Françoise d´Eaubonne. In it, d'Eaubonne first coined the term ''ecofeminism'' (''l'eco-féminisme''), which conceptualizes the apparent linkage between the ...

'', 2022 **''Les femmes avant le patriarcat'', 1976 **''Contre violence ou résistance à l'état'', 1978 **''Histoire de l'art et lutte des sexes'', 1978 **''Écologie, féminisme : révolution ou mutation ?'', 1978 **''S comme Sectes'', 1982 **''La femme russe'', 1988 **''Féminin et philosophie : une allergie historique'', 1997 **''La liseuse et la lyre'', 1997 **''Le sexocide des sorcières'', 1999 *Poems: **''Colonnes de l'Ame'', 1942 (Columns of the Soul) **''Rutten'', 1951 **''Neither place nor meter'', 1981

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eaubonne, Francoise D 1920 births 2005 deaths 20th-century anarchists 20th-century French novelists 20th-century French women 20th-century French women writers Anarcho-communists Ecofeminists French abortion-rights activists French anarchists French anti-capitalists French anti-fascists French communists French environmentalists French feminist writers French LGBTQ rights activists French socialist feminists French syndicalists French women novelists Left-libertarians Left-libertarianism Left-wing politics in France LGBTQ socialism Libertarian socialists Marxist feminists Signatories of the 1971 Manifesto of the 343 Syndicalists Writers from Paris