François de Joyeuse (24 June 1562 – 23 August 1615) was a French churchman and politician.
Biography
Born at
Carcassonne
Carcassonne is a French defensive wall, fortified city in the Departments of France, department of Aude, Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. It is the prefectures in France, prefecture of the department.
...
, François de Joyeuse was the second son of
Guillaume de Joyeuse
Guillaume de Joyeuse (1520–1592) was a French military commander during the French Wars of Religion. Originally destined for the church, he assumed the office of ''vicomte de Joyeuse'' upon the death of his elder brother in 1554. He was subseque ...
and Marie Eléanor de Batarnay. As the younger son of a ''
seigneur
A seigneur () or lord is an originally feudal title in France before the Revolution, in New France and British North America until 1854, and in the Channel Islands to this day. The seigneur owned a seigneurie, seigneury, or lordship—a form of ...
'' in an intensely religious family of bishops and soldiers, he was destined for a career in the church. He studied in
Toulouse
Toulouse (, ; ; ) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Haute-Garonne department and of the Occitania (administrative region), Occitania region. The city is on the banks of the Garonne, River Garonne, from ...
, then at the
Collège de Navarre
The College of Navarre (, ) was one of the colleges of the historic University of Paris. It rivaled the University of Paris, Sorbonne and was renowned for its library.
History
The college was founded by Queen Joan I of Navarre in 1305, who provi ...
,
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
, and received his doctorate degrees in canon and civil law at the
University of Orléans
The University of Orléans () is a French university, in the Academy of Orléans and Tours. As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University.
History
In 1230, when for a time the ...
. Thanks to the influence of his elder brother
Anne de Joyeuse, a
favourite
A favourite was the intimate companion of a ruler or other important person. In Post-classical Europe, post-classical and Early modern Europe, early-modern Europe, among other times and places, the term was used of individuals delegated signifi ...
of King
Henry III of France
Henry III (; ; ; 19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589) was King of France from 1574 until his assassination in 1589, as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.
As the fourth son of King Henry II of France, he ...
who created him duke and peer in 1581, he became a privy councillor to the King and rose rapidly in the church. He was made
Archbishop of Narbonne on 20 October 1581 (with a papal dispensation for not having reached canonical age), a
cardinal
Cardinal or The Cardinal most commonly refers to
* Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
**''Cardinalis'', genus of three species in the family Cardinalidae
***Northern cardinal, ''Cardinalis cardinalis'', the common cardinal of ...
on 12 December 1583 (still aged only 21),
Archbishop of Toulouse
The Archdiocese of Toulouse (–Saint Bertrand de Comminges–Rieux) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese comprises the Department of Haute-Garonne and its seat is Toulouse Cathedral. Archb ...
on 4 November 1588, and
Archbishop of Rouen
The Archdiocese of Rouen (Latin: ''Archidioecesis Rothomagensis''; French: ''Archidiocèse de Rouen'') is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. As one of the fifteen Archbishops of France, the Archbishop of Rouen's ecclesi ...
on 1 December 1604. He was a Knight of the
Order of the Holy Spirit
The Order of the Holy Spirit (; sometimes translated into English as the Order of the Holy Ghost) is a French order of chivalry founded by Henry III of France in 1578. Today, it is a dynastic order under the House of France.
It should not be c ...
.
His brothers Anne and Claude were captured in 1587 after the
Battle of Coutras and killed in the general massacre that followed. As a result, François became Duke of Joyeuse. In 1590 the title of Duke of Joyeuse was passed to another of his younger brothers,
Scipion, who drowned himself in the
Tarn after the defeat of Villemur in 1592, then to
Henri de Joyeuse, the youngest brother, who died in 1608. The title passed to Henri's daughter
Henriette, who had married
Henri de Montpensier in 1597.
On 16 February 1587 he was appointed by Henry III French minister to the
Holy See
The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop ...
,
cardinal protector of France; he retained his predecessor's secretary,
Arnaud d'Ossat, a skilled diplomat with long experience in Rome who served as liaison with the papacy during Joyeuse's numerous absences. Joyeuse returned to France after King Henry's murder in 1589 and joined the
Catholic League. However, he broke with the League in 1593 to support
Henry of Navarre (King Henry IV of France), and returned to
Rome
Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
where he obtained papal absolution for Henry from Pope
Clement VIII in 1595. Reappointed cardinal protector in January 1596, he returned to France and was returned to Rome by Henry IV in September 1598, arriving the following February; that year he negotiated the annulment of King Henry's marriage to
Marguerite de Valois
Margaret of Valois (, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615), popularly known as , was Queen of Navarre from 1572 to 1599 and Queen of France from 1589 to 1599 as the consort of Henry IV of France and III of Navarre.
Margaret was the daughter of King ...
, opening the way for a second marriage to
Marie de' Medici
Marie de' Medici (; ; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Henry IV. Marie served as regent of France between 1610 and 1617 during the minority of her son Louis XIII. Her mandate as rege ...
.
François became
Archbishop of Rouen
The Archdiocese of Rouen (Latin: ''Archidioecesis Rothomagensis''; French: ''Archidiocèse de Rouen'') is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. As one of the fifteen Archbishops of France, the Archbishop of Rouen's ecclesi ...
in 1604, though he did not take up residence. He participated in the papal conclaves of 1605. Between 1606 and 1607 he played a decisive role in negotiating a rapprochement between the Papacy and
Venice
Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...
, at the time of the
Venetian Interdict
The Venetian Interdict of 1606 and 1607 was the expression in terms of canon law, by means of a papal interdict, of a diplomatic quarrel and confrontation between the Papal Curia and the Republic of Venice, taking place in the period from 1605 to ...
.
[Barbiche 1965.] After the murder of Henry IV in 1610 he lost influence at the court of the Regent, Marie de' Medici. He died at
Avignon
Avignon (, , ; or , ; ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône, the Communes of France, commune had a ...
, aged 53, while travelling to Rome.
Notes
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joyeuse, Francois de
1562 births
1615 deaths
People from Carcassonne
16th-century French cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Cardinal-bishops of Sabina
Archbishops of Rouen
Archbishops of Narbonne
Archbishops of Toulouse
17th-century French cardinals
Francois
Deans of the College of Cardinals
University of Paris alumni