Power projection (or force projection or strength projection) in

international relations International relations (IR, and also referred to as international studies, international politics, or international affairs) is an academic discipline. In a broader sense, the study of IR, in addition to multilateral relations, concerns al ...

is the capacity of a

state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...

to deploy and sustain forces outside its territory. The ability of a state to project its power into an area may serve as an effective diplomatic lever, influencing the decision-making processes and acting as a potential deterrent on other states' behavior.

Pravda ''Pravda'' ( rus, Правда, p=ˈpravdə, a=Ru-правда.ogg, 'Truth') is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most in ...

(Правда
(17 Mar 2022) Zelenskyy explained the essence of the new military alliance
U24 from Zelenskyy's night address verbatim: "I addressed the United States and all responsible states with a proposition to create a new U24 union: a new union that will ensure that each aggressor receives a coordinated world response quickly, effectively, and immediately - not in weeks, months, years, but for the first 24 hours after the attack." "We can no longer trust existing institutions. We cannot expect bureaucrats in international organisations to change fast enough, so we must look for new guarantees, create new tools, and to build alliances with those who have the courage to do what justice demands." This ability is a crucial element of a state's

power in international relations In international relations, power is defined in several different ways. Material definitions of state power emphasize economic and military power. Other definitions of power emphasize the ability to structure and constitute the nature of social ...

. Any state able to direct its military forces outside its territory might be said to have ''some'' level of power projection capability, but the term itself is used most frequently in reference to militaries with a worldwide reach (or at least significantly broader than a state's immediate area). Even states with sizable

hard power In politics, hard power is the use of military and economics, economic means to social influence, influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion), and is most immediately ...

assets (such as a large

standing army A standing army is a permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers who may be either career soldiers or conscripts. It differs from army reserves, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during wars ...

) may only be able to exert limited regional influence so long as they lack the means of effectively projecting their power on a global scale. Generally, only a select few states are able to overcome the

logistical Logistics is the part of supply chain management that deals with the efficient forward and reverse flow of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption according to the needs of customers. Logi ...

difficulties inherent in the

deployment Deployment may refer to: * Military deployment, the movement of armed forces and their logistical support * Software deployment, all of the activities that make a software system available for use * System deployment The deployment of a mecha ...

and direction of a modern, mechanized military force. Allies and partners can take up or share some of the burden of power projection. One measure of the capability of a state to project power is the

loss-of-strength gradient The loss-of-strength gradient (LSG) is a military concept devised by Kenneth E. Boulding in his 1962 book ''Conflict and Defense: A General Theory''. He argued the amount of a nation's military power that could be brought to bear in any part of t ...

, until a

culminating point The culminating point in military strategy is the point at which a military force is no longer able to perform its operations. On the offensive, the culminating point marks the time when the attacking force can no longer continue its advance, b ...

is apparent to others, once an operation is underway. A state might § compete in the gray zone just short of conflict, exercising its soft power, or hard power, in a bid for

potential superpower A potential superpower is a sovereign state or other polity that is speculated to be or have the potential to become a superpower; a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert inf ...

.Russia Insigh
(February 1, 2022) BREAKING! Putin: USA Is Using Ukraine As ‘Tool’ To Contain Russia
8:01 Video clip, English closed captions While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on

assets (tanks, soldiers,

aircraft An aircraft ( aircraft) is a vehicle that is able to flight, fly by gaining support from the Atmosphere of Earth, air. It counters the force of gravity by using either Buoyancy, static lift or the Lift (force), dynamic lift of an airfoil, or, i ...

, naval vessels, etc.), the use of

soft power In politics (and particularly in international politics), soft power is the ability to co-option, co-opt rather than coerce (in contrast with hard power). It involves shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. Soft power is ...

shows that power projection does not necessarily have to actively put military forces in

combat Combat (French language, French for ''fight'') is a purposeful violent Conflict (process), conflict between multiple combatants with the intent to harm the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed (Hand-to-hand combat, not usin ...

, but only potentially. Assets for power projection can often serve dual uses, as the deployment of various countries' militaries during the

humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Humanitarianism is an ideology centered on the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic, and emotion ...

illustrates.

History

Early examples of power projection include

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...

dominance of Europe and the wider Mediterranean basin: the ability to project power is tied to the ability to innovate and field such innovations. Roman engineering innovations such as machines (

pile driver A pile driver is a heavy-duty tool used to drive piles into soil to build piers, bridges, cofferdams, and other "pole" supported structures, and patterns of pilings as part of permanent deep foundations for buildings or other structures. Pili ...

), concrete, aqueducts and modern roads provided the footing for an economic engine that powered a military that was unmatched in its day. Examples of Roman power projection include

Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil wa ...

constructing the Rhine bridge in 10 days to demonstrate the ability to march his 40,000 troops as he saw fit: the local inhabitants enjoyed the natural protection of the river and fled when this natural protection was overcome. Although Rome is far from the center of modern power, its influence can be seen in the architecture of modern capitols around the world (domes, arches, columns). The demonstration of an extraordinary innovative military capability will signal power and, when properly applied, terminate conflicts summarily. During the

Ming treasure voyages The Ming treasure voyages were maritime expeditions undertaken by Ming China's treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433. The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of the fleet in 1403. The grand project resulted in seven far-reaching ocean voy ...

in the 15th century, the Chinese treasure fleet was heavily militarized to exercise power projection around the Indian Ocean and thereby promote its interests. The modern ability to project power and exert influence on a global scale can be tied to innovations stemming from the

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succee ...

and the associated modernizations in technology, communications,

finance Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and Academic discipline, discipline of money, currency, assets and Liability (financial accounting), liabilities. As a subject of study, is a field of Business administration, Business Admin ...

and

bureaucracy Bureaucracy ( ) is a system of organization where laws or regulatory authority are implemented by civil servants or non-elected officials (most of the time). Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments ...

; this finally allowed the state to create unprecedented amounts of wealth and to effectively marshal these resources to exert power over long distances. As the birthplace of the

, Britain was the first to utilize its industrial-technological power advantage to dominate rivals and greatly expand its global

Empire An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outpost (military), outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a hegemony, dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the ...

throughout the 19th century. As a maritime power, the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

played a central role in providing Britain the strength and ability to dominate world trade and project power globally to further its interests. A worldwide system of

naval base A naval base, navy base, or military port is a military base, where warships and naval ships are docked when they have no mission at sea or need to restock. Ships may also undergo repairs. Some naval bases are temporary homes to aircraft that usu ...

s and

coaling station Fuelling stations, also known as coaling stations, are repositories of fuel (initially coal and later oil) that have been located to service commercial and naval vessels. Today, the term "coaling station" can also refer to coal storage and feedi ...

s, a large logistical bureaucracy to oversee shipbuilding, the supply of coal, food, water, and sailors, and an industrial base for the manufacture and technological enhancement of the

fleet Fleet may refer to: Vehicles * Fishing fleet *Naval fleet * Fleet vehicles, a pool of motor vehicles * Fleet Aircraft, the aircraft manufacturing company Places Canada * Fleet, Alberta, Canada, a hamlet England * The Fleet Lagoon, at Chesil Be ...

were among the essential ingredients for this capability. During the

First Opium War The First Opium War ( zh, t=第一次鴉片戰爭, p=Dìyīcì yāpiàn zhànzhēng), also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between the British Empire and the Chinese Qing dynasty between 1839 and 1 ...

(1839–1842), it was this capacity that enabled a British expeditionary force of 15

barracks ship A barracks ship or barracks barge or berthing barge, or in civilian use accommodation vessel or accommodation ship, is a ship or a non-self-propelled barge containing a superstructure of a type suitable for use as a temporary barracks for sai ...

s, 4 steam-powered

gunboats A gunboat is a naval watercraft designed for the express purpose of carrying one or more guns to bombard coastal targets, as opposed to those military craft designed for naval warfare, or for ferrying troops or supplies. History Pre-steam ...

and 25 smaller boats with 4,000 marines to successfully defend its interests from the fleet's home port. Magdala burning

The

Anglo Anglo is a prefix indicating a relation to, or descent from England, English culture, the English people or the English language, such as in the term ''Anglosphere''. It is often used alone, somewhat loosely, to refer to people of British d ...

French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...

expeditionary force sent to shore up the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

against Russian aggression during the

Crimean War The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont fro ...

(1853–1856) was one of the earliest modern examples of a planned expeditionary power-projection campaign. It was the first campaign to use modern technology, including steam-powered warships and

telegraph Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas ...

communications. Another illustrative example of industrial power projection, was the

British Expedition to Abyssinia The British Expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia). Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, ...

in 1868 as a retaliation against Emperor

Tewodros II of Ethiopia Tewodros II (, once referred to by the English cognate Theodore; baptized as Kassa, – 13 April 1868) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 until his death in 1868. His rule is often placed as the beginning of modern Ethiopia and brought an end to ...

's imprisonment of several missionaries and

British government His Majesty's Government, abbreviated to HM Government or otherwise UK Government, is the central government, central executive authority of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

representatives. The expeditionary force sent was a tremendous logistical and technological challenge at the time. Commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Napier of the

Bombay Army The Bombay Army was the army of the Bombay Presidency, one of the three presidencies of British India within the British Empire. It was established in 1668 and governed by the East India Company until the Government of India Act 1858 transferr ...

military intelligence Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis List of intelligence gathering disciplines, approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist Commanding officer, commanders in decision making pr ...

was used to estimate the required size of the army and the difficulties of traversing the inhospitable terrain. A force of over 30,000 was shipped from

British India The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in South Asia. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another ...

to Zula on the

Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...

on a fleet of more than 280

steam ships A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships c ...

, while an advance detachment of

engineer Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who Invention, invent, design, build, maintain and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials. They aim to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while ...

s built a large port with two piers, warehouses and a lighthouse, and constructed a -long railway towards the interior. A road was also built for the artillery to be moved along with the help of

elephant Elephants are the largest living land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant ('' Loxodonta africana''), the African forest elephant (''L. cyclotis''), and the Asian elephant ('' Elephas maximus ...

s. After three months of trekking, the British force repelled an Ethiopian attack and launched an artillery bombardment against the fortress of

Magdala Magdala (; ; ) was an ancient Jews, Jewish city on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, north of Tiberias. In the Babylonian Talmud it is known as Magdala Nunayya (), and which some historical geographers think may refer to Tarichaea (). It is belie ...

which led to its capitulation; Tewodros committed suicide. In the

Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major land battles of the war were fought on the ...

of 1904–1905, the

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

destruction of the Imperial Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet demonstrated

Imperial Russia Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor/empress, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * ...

's inability to project force in the

East East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fact that ea ...

. This immediately diminished Russia's diplomatic sway in that region. At the same time, Russia's western armies became less credible, as

mobilization Mobilization (alternatively spelled as mobilisation) is the act of assembling and readying military troops and supplies for war. The word ''mobilization'' was first used in a military context in the 1850s to describe the preparation of the ...

exposed organizational flaws and threw the western armies into chaos. This led analysts in Europe, such as

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

chief of staff The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the armed forces, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supportin ...

Count

Alfred von Schlieffen Graf Alfred von Schlieffen (; 28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German field marshal and strategist who served as chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. His name lived on in the 1905–06 " Schlieffen Plan", ...

, to conclude that Russia would prove inept at projecting force in Europe, thus demoting Russia in European diplomatic relations. Many other actions can be considered projections of force. The 19th century is full of incidents such as the 1864 Shimonoseki campaign and the

Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...

. More recently, the

Falklands War The Falklands War () was a ten-week undeclared war between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982 over two British Overseas Territories, British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and Falkland Islands Dependenci ...

provided an example of the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

's ability to project force far from home. Other recent examples of power projection include the U.S.-led

invasion of Iraq An invasion is a military offensive of combatants of one geopolitical entity, usually in large numbers, entering territory controlled by another similar entity, often involving acts of aggression. Generally, invasions have objectives ...

and the

NATO bombing of Yugoslavia The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) carried out an aerial bombing campaign against the Serbia and Montenegro, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. The air strikes lasted from 24 March 1999 to 10 June 1999. The bombing ...

. The ability of the

U.S. Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest displacement, at 4.5 million tons in 2021. It has the world's largest aircraft ...

, the British

, and the

French Navy The French Navy (, , ), informally (, ), is the Navy, maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of History of France, France. It is among the largest and most powerful List of navies, naval forces i ...

to deploy large numbers of ships for long periods of time away from home are notable projection abilities. ''See § Power projection capabilities.'' The globalization of power projection was long avoided in the research with the subject of

globalization Globalization is the process of increasing interdependence and integration among the economies, markets, societies, and cultures of different countries worldwide. This is made possible by the reduction of barriers to international trade, th ...

mostly channeled to economic field, but in 2018 Historian Max Ostrovsky broke the path. In prehistory, he wrote, power was not projected behind entrance of a cave. In history, empires and colonies projected power ever farther, creating world system c. 1900.

World Wars A world war is an international conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers. Conventionally, the term is reserved for two major international conflicts that occurred during the first half of the 20th century, World War I (19 ...

were expressions of power projected on global scale. The potential of power projection can be estimated mathematically by calculating the speed of transportation and communication relatively to the extent of contemporary power projection. Roman troops moved 50 km per day; today Globemasters move troops 20,000 km per day. The speed of communication in the largest Empire in Americas (

Inca The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...

) was 20 km per hour (running man); today it moves with the

speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant exactly equal to ). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time i ...

. Multiplying the range of power projection in those empires by increase in the speed of transportation or communication, Ostrovsky estimated the present power projection potential to exceed the size of Earth multiple times.

Elements

The

U.S. Department of Defense The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government charged with coordinating and supervising the six U.S. armed services: the Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, Space Force, t ...

defines power projection as the "ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national power—political, economic, informational, or military—to rapidly and effectively deploy and sustain forces in and from multiple dispersed locations to respond to crises, to contribute to deterrence, and to enhance regional stability".United States Department of Defense. ''J1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.'

Jeremy Herb, Jennifer Hansler and Ellie Kaufman, CNN (28 January 2022
Top US general warns of 'horrific' outcome if Russian forces 'unleashed' on Ukraine
Secretary of Defense Austin puts 8,500 US troops on alert for EUCOM engagement As distance between a fighting force and its headquarters increases, command and control inevitably becomes more difficult. Modern-day power projection often employs high-tech communications and

information technology Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields within information and communications technology (ICT), that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, data processing, data and information processing, and storage. Inf ...

to overcome these difficulties, a process sometimes described as the " Revolution in Military Affairs". While a few long-range

weapon A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime (e.g., murder), law ...

s such as the

intercontinental ballistic missile An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range (aeronautics), range greater than , primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more Thermonuclear weapon, thermonuclear warheads). Conven ...

s (ICBMs) and some

unmanned combat aerial vehicle An unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV), also known as a combat drone, fighter drone or battlefield UAV, is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance and carries aircra ...

s ( drones) are capable of projecting deadly force in their own right, it is

military logistics Military logistics is the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement, supply, and maintenance of military forces. In its most comprehensive sense, it is those aspects or military operations that deal with: * Design, development, Milita ...

that is at the heart of power projection. The ability to integrate

naval A navy, naval force, military maritime fleet, war navy, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operatio ...

and

air force An air force in the broadest sense is the national military branch that primarily conducts aerial warfare. More specifically, it is the branch of a nation's armed services that is responsible for aerial warfare as distinct from an army aviati ...

s with land

armies An army, ground force or land force is an armed force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch or armed service of a nation or country. It may also include aviation assets by ...

as part of

joint warfare Joint warfare is a military doctrine that places priority on the integration of the various branches of a state's armed forces into one unified command. Joint warfare is in essence a form of combined arms warfare on a larger, national scale, in ...

is a key aspect of effective power projection;

airlift An airlift is the organized delivery of Materiel, supplies or personnel primarily via military transport aircraft. Airlifting consists of two distinct types: strategic and tactical. Typically, strategic airlifting involves moving material lo ...

and

sealift Sealift is a term used predominantly in military logistics and refers to the use of cargo ships for the deployment of military assets, such as weaponry, vehicles, military personnel, and supplies. It complements other means of transport, such as ...

capabilities facilitate the deployment of

soldier A soldier is a person who is a member of an army. A soldier can be a Conscription, conscripted or volunteer Enlisted rank, enlisted person, a non-commissioned officer, a warrant officer, or an Officer (armed forces), officer. Etymology The wo ...

s and

s to a distant

theater of war In warfare, a theater or theatre is an area in which important military events occur or are in progress. A theater can include the entirety of the airspace, land, and sea area that is—or that may potentially become—involved in war operation ...

. The aircraft carrier strike group,

strategic bomber A strategic bomber is a medium- to long-range Penetrator (aircraft), penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war. Unl ...

ballistic missile submarine A ballistic missile submarine is a submarine capable of deploying submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with nuclear warheads. These submarines became a major weapon system in the Cold War because of their nuclear deterrence capabi ...

, and

strategic airlift An airlift is the organized delivery of supplies or personnel primarily via military transport aircraft. Airlifting consists of two distinct types: strategic and tactical. Typically, strategic airlifting involves moving material long distan ...

er are all examples of power projection platforms. Military units designed to be

light Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be visual perception, perceived by the human eye. Visible light spans the visible spectrum and is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400– ...

and mobile, such as

airborne forces Airborne forces are ground combat units carried by aircraft and airdropped into battle zones, typically by parachute drop. Parachute-qualified infantry and support personnel serving in airborne units are also known as paratroopers. The main ...

(

paratrooper A paratrooper or military parachutist is a soldier trained to conduct military operations by parachuting directly into an area of operations, usually as part of a large airborne forces unit. Traditionally paratroopers fight only as light infa ...

s and

air assault Air assault is the movement of ground-based military forces by vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, such as helicopters, to seize and hold key terrain that has not been fully secured, and to directly engage enemy forces behind enemy l ...

forces) and

amphibious assault Amphibious warfare is a type of offensive military operation that today uses naval ships to project ground and air power onto a hostile or potentially hostile shore at a designated landing beach. Through history the operations were conducte ...

forces, are utilized in power projection. Forward basing is another method of power projection, which, by pre-positioning military units or stockpiles of arms at strategically located

military base A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. A military base always provides accommodations for ...

s outside a country's territory, reduces the time and distance needed to mobilize them.

Types

Scholars have disaggregated military power projection into nine different categories based on political goals and level of force. Four of these employ "soft" military power (securing

sea lane A sea lane, sea road or shipping lane is a regularly used navigable route for large water vessels (ships) on wide waterways such as oceans and large lakes, and is preferably safe, direct and economic. During the Age of Sail, they were determined ...

s of communication,

non-combatant Non-combatant is a term of art in the law of war and international humanitarian law to refer to civilians who are not taking a direct part in hostilities. People such as combat medics and military chaplains, who are members of the belligerent arm ...

evacuation,

humanitarian Humanitarianism is an ideology centered on the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic, and emotiona ...

response, and

peacekeeping Peacekeeping comprises activities, especially military ones, intended to create conditions that favor lasting peace. Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths, as well as reduces the risk of renewed w ...

) and the rest are primarily concerned with "hard" military power (

show the flag {{Short pages monitor #China—RAND simulations show Blue losses.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
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Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability Six of the top 15 defense companies in the world are now Chinese, in 2019 for the first time. The

competition Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, indi ...

with China was shaped in the decade 2010–2020, according to David Kriete.Theresa Hitchens
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Vice Adm. David Kriete of

US Strategic Command The United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands in the United States Department of Defense. Headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, USSTRATCOM is responsible for strategic nuclear de ...

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JL-3 The JL-3 (; NATO reporting name: CSS-NX-20) is a Chinese third-generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). It arms the Type 094 submarine, and is expected to arm the future Type 096. History The first test ...

is an

SLBM A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines. Modern variants usually deliver multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which carries a nuclear warhead ...

By 2023 China's defense companies were offering competitors to US Javelins, armed drones, and supersonic cruise missiles.Ashley Roqu
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International Defense Exhibition in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates #*Secretary

Mark Esper Mark Thomas Esper (born April 26, 1964) is an American politician and manufacturing/high-tech executive who served as the 27th United States secretary of defense from 2019 to 2020. A member of the Republican Party, he had previously served as ...

said that China is aiming to be the dominant military power in Asia by 2049.Robert Burn
(27 Aug 2020) Esper visit to tiny Palau highlights US-China competition
/ref>uscc.go
(Nov 2019) Chapter 4: China's Global Ambitions
/ref>David Kirto

Airshow China in Zhuhai The 14th five-year plan (2021-2025) of China's ruling party, aims to accelerate the army's modernization and informationization, in order to improve national security for 2027 (100th anniversary of its ruling party), according to Dean Cheng.Dean Chen
(23 Nov 2020) Chinese Party Sets Bold Military Goal: ‘Mechanized & Informationized’ By 2027
/ref>Dean Chen
(19 May 2021) How China’s Thinking About The Next War
Proposed doctrine: brigade-based, joint MDOKris Osbor
(4 Feb 2022) China is Trying to Steal and Copy U.S. Military Multi-Domain Warfare Tactics
"accompanied by an effort to replicate emerging U.S. strategies and warfare maneuvers" including JADC2 By 2023 China's working-age demographic (a shrinking labor force/ capital savings rate) will start to work against the Party's aspiration for 2027,Deutsche Well
(21 May 2021) China releases population census with enormous implications for the country's future
/ref>Tanner Brow
(17 Jan 2022) China’s Population Crisis Is Complicated. What It Means for the Country’s Economy.
/ref>Evelyn Chen
(17 Jan 2023) China's Population Drops For the First Time In Decades
in 2022 Task & Purpose
(22 Mar 2023) 4 Reasons China's Outta Time to Invade Taiwan
1) Demographics; 2) TSMC; 3) Russia is now the largest oil supplier to China; 4) Ukraine as cautionary example. 60 Minute
(19 Mar 2023) Is the Navy ready? How the U.S. is preparing amid a naval buildup in China
USS NimitzMichael C Horowit
(19 Nov 2021) War by Timeframe: Responding to China's Pacing Challenge
/ref> which, according to Xi Jinping's plan, is for China's military to reach parity with the US military in 2027.Paul McLeary and Alexander War
(20 Nov 2021) U.S. ‘not as advanced’ as China and Russia on hypersonic tech, Space Force general warns
/ref>TAYLOR A. LEE and PETER W. SINGE
(7 Feb 2023) The PLA’s People Problem
"China’s military has long struggled to field quality personnel". As of June 2023 a diplomatic solution is being sought.Humeyra Pamu
(19 Jun 2023) Xi, Blinken agree to stabilise U.S.-China relations in rare Beijing talks
/ref>Fareed Zakaria, GP
(14 Sep 2023) On GPS: Gen. Mark Milley on estimating China's military power
/ref>JACOB HEIM, ZACHARY BURDETTE, AND NATHAN BEAUCHAMP-MUSTAFAGA
(11 Jun 2024) DENIAL IS THE WORST EXCEPT FOR ALL THE OTHERS: GETTING THE U.S. THEORY OF VICTORY RIGHT FOR A WAR WITH CHINA
/ref> #* The International Federation of Robotics reports that China has been the world leader in implementing industrial robots for the past eight years; in 2020 China used almost half the world's industrial robots.Roopinder Tar
(22 Sep 2022) Almost Half of Industrial Robots Are in China
/ref> #** The takeover of a UK semiconductor fab by a Chinese-owned firm has been blocked on national security grounds.Ryan Browne

as reported in [https://hardware.slashdot.org/story/22/11/20/0221224/chinese-takeover-of-uks-largest-chip-plant-blocked-on-national-security-grounds (20 Nov 2022) Chinese Takeover of UK's Largest Chip Plant Blocked on National Security Grounds] #*In 2017 China adopted the National Intelligence Law which obligates Chinese companies to subordinate themselves to intelligence-gathering measures for the state.Reuters World New
(27 June 2017) China passes tough new intelligence law
National Intelligence Law China is militarizing the South China Sea. In 2020 a match-up of the Chinese aircraft carrier ''Liaoning'' (a rebuilt aircraft cruiser) versus the supercarrier is assessed to give the ''Ronald Reagan'' air superiority within one hour.Defense update
(30 Apr 2020) 3 Reasons Chinese Liaoning Will Not Last an Hour Against USS Ronald Reagan Protecting Japan!
/ref>Smerconish
(6 Feb 2023) Chang: Not shooting down balloon could embolden China
'By not shooting down the balloon, "we convince the Chinese we're incapable," says Gordon Chang, author of The Great US-China Tech War. "It could push them to do things which can't be undone." ' #*The 3rd generation GPS network of BeiDou satellites (BDS-3) was completed in July 2020 with the launch of the 30th BDS-3 satellite.Sutirtho Patranobi
(31 Jul 2020) China says its Beidou system now fully operational, to challenge US’s GPS
/ref> The 30th BDS-3 satellite, meant to complete China's own global navigation satellite system,P.W. Singer and Taylor A. Le
(31 March 2020) China’s version of GPS is almost complete. Here's what that means.
/ref> had been previously postponed.Elizabeth Howel

/ref>Adil Bra
(8 May 2024) China's Military Satellites Are Watching America's Every Move
"China has added over 400 satellites in the past two years", 200 with tracking capability. ''See

Restrictions on geographic data in China Under Chinese law, the use of geographic information in the People's Republic of China is restricted to entities that have special authorization from the administrative department for surveying and mapping under the State Council. Consequences o ...

'' #*

Satellite image Satellite images (also Earth observation imagery, spaceborne photography, or simply satellite photo) are images of Earth collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell i ...

s of 4 June 2021 reveal an estimated 250 additional

missile silo A missile launch facility, also known as an underground missile silo, launch facility (LF), or nuclear silo, is a vertical cylindrical structure constructed underground, for the storage and launching of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM ...

s under construction near Yumen, China, warn specialists at the

James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies James may refer to: People * James (given name) * James (surname) * James (musician), aka Faruq Mahfuz Anam James, (born 1964), Bollywood musician * James, brother of Jesus * King James (disambiguation), various kings named James * Prince Ja ...

.Huizhong Wu and Jon Gambrell, The Associated Pres
(30 July 2021) US military warns China is building more nuclear missile silos
/ref> By 2024 China had over 500 nuclear warheads.C. Todd Lopez, DOD New
(18 Sep 2024) With Two Nuclear-Armed Strategic Competitors, U.S. Modernization Top Priority
Summary of Nuclear Triad by Melissa Dalton, UnderSecretary, USAF #*The

Defense Intelligence Agency The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is an intelligence agency and combat support agency of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) specializing in military intelligence. A component of the Department of Defense and the United States In ...

projects that China will at least double its nuclear arsenal and that its production capability will be far expanded in the 2020s.James Anderson (31 July 2020) China's troubling nuclear buildup ''The New York Times'' Op-Ed p. A25. —James Anderson is Acting undersecretary of defense for policyDean Cheng
(28 Oct 2022) China calls for new ‘strategic guidance’ at 20th Party Congress
in a call for strategic deterrence tandoffby 2027 Colin Clar
(18 Jun 2021) Chinese Nuke Modernization Prompts Shift In DoD Strategy
cites SIPRI as authorityDANIEL SHATS and PETER W. SINGER
(5 Oct 2022) The Balance of Power Is Shifting Among Nuclear-Energy Titans
RosAtom vs CNNC, CGN #*China controls 80% of world

rare earth mineral A rare-earth mineral contains one or more rare-earth elements as major metal constituents. Rare-earth minerals are usually found in association with alkaline to peralkaline igneous magmas in pegmatites or with carbonatite intrusives. Perovs ...

production, and routinely floods this market when other nations attempt to ramp up their own rare earth production.Sun Yu and Demetri Sevastopulo, Financial Time
(16 Feb 2021) China targets rare earth export curbs to hobble US defense industry
*Gabriel Crossley and Min Zhan

/ref>Small Wars journa
(14 Aug 2021) Letter to the Editor: Critical Afghanistan Assessment
"Now the rare earth minerals in Afghanistan will fall into the hands of the CCP."Daniel L. Davi
(6 Aug 2021): Defense Priorities fellow Daniel Davis BBC to discuss Afghanistan withdrawal
/ref> #**The tech leaders of China are being enlisted to aid '

Socialism with Chinese characteristics Socialism with Chinese characteristics (; ) is a set of political theories and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism adapted to Chinese circumstances. The term was first establ ...

' by pledging part of their wealth to 'common prosperity'.Fergus Rya
(26 Aug 2021) China Takes on Its Tech Leaders
/ref> The Cyberspace Administration of China is regulating algorithms on its financial reporting websites which republish foreign financial journalists.Bloomber
(30 Aug 2021) China To Cleanse Online Content That 'Bad-Mouths' Its Economy
/ref> #*Chinese cyber groups are attacking Russia, reports Ben Watson.Ben Watson
(6 Aug 2021) China is hacking Russia
who cite
Sam Bendet's tweet
/ref>Brandi Vincen
(9 Feb 2022) New Operating System Aims to Speed AI to the Battlefield
China has goal of 2030 for Parity with US on AI —Lt. Gen. Michael Groen, for DoD's Artificial Intelligence and Data Accelerator (AIDA) China is accelerating its timeline to take Taiwan.Mallory Shelbourn
(19 Oct 2022) China’s Accelerated Timeline to Take Taiwan Pushing Navy in the Pacific, Says CNO Gilday
/ref>Lee Hsi-min and Eric Le
(3 Nov 2020) Taiwan’s Overall Defense Concept, Explained
"The concept’s developer explains the asymmetric approach to Taiwan’s defense". #*149 Chinese fighters and bombers swept over Taiwan's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) 1–4 October 2021.Colin Clar
(4 Oct 2021) 149 Chinese Fighters, Bombers Sweep Across Taiwan ADIZ In 4 Days
/ref>Harry Halem and Eyck Freyman
(7 Apr 2022) Ukraine Shows Why Taiwan Needs More Air Defense
options: "transferring air-defense systems to Taiwan, funding Taiwan’s domestic air-defense programs, and deploying American-made integrated air-defense technology" Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(8 Apr 2022) Three reasons why defense is beating offense in Ukraine – and why it matters for Taiwan
1) precision-guided firepower 2) sprawling urbanization 3) mass mobilization Taiwan has countered with Civil Air Patrol warnings.Covert Caba
(10 Oct 2021) Can Taiwan Stop a Chinese Invasion?
/ref>Military Aviation Histor
(4 Feb 2018) Air Superiority 2030 - How America Wants To Retain Dominance
Encapsulates the factors for 2030Mike Ye
(20 Oct 2021) China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets
J-6=Mig-19 DronesOren Liebermann, CN

/ref>Heather Penne
(May 2023) Scale, Scope, Speed & Survivability: Winning the Kill Chain Competition
Mitchell Institutem Policy Paper 40 seeks to counter China's Warfighting Strategy of “System Destruction” of "sensor networks, datalinks, C2 architectures, and other nodes" #* China is implementing its plan for 2027: Office of Secretary of Defense (3 Nov 2021) "Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China", Annual report to CongressTara Cop
(3 Nov 2021) China Likely to Have ‘At Least’ 1,000 Nukes by 2030, Pentagon Estimates
CJCS views Taiwan invasion unlikely over next two years. *Office of Secretary of Defens
(3 Nov 2021) Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China
Annual report to Congress China has been reverse-engineering its purchases of Russian materiel, and selling to Russia's defense customers.THOMAS CORBETT and PETER W. SINGE
(3 Apr 2023) China Is Eating Russia’s Lunch in the Defense Market
/ref> #** By November 2022 a strict zero-Covid lockdown policy instituted in 2020 had led to

2022 COVID-19 protests in China A series of Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, protests against COVID-19 lockdowns began in mainland China in November 2022. Colloquially referred to as the White Paper Protests ( zh, s=白纸抗议, p=Bái zhǐ kàngyì) or t ...

; China then allowed use of a locally-developed mRNA vaccine (2 December 2022), in lieu of lockdowns.Brian Yan
(2 December 2022) China Set To Green-Light First mRNA Vaccine
/ref>Rebecca Cohen, Morgan McFall-Johnsen, and Paola Rosa-Aquino
(29 Nov 2022) China's refusal to use Western COVID-19 vaccines is making its protest problems even worse
/ref>Bloomberg

#India: faces Pakistan;Deutsche Welle DW New
(16 Aug 2021) Taliban back in power: What does it mean for the Indo-Pacific region?
/ref> Pakistan can be supplied with Turkey's drones (such as the

Bayraktar TB2 Bayraktar TB2 (Turkish language, Turkish: ''Standard-bearer TB2'') is a Medium-altitude long-endurance UAV, medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operati ...

), which were used with great effect by Azerbaijan against Armenian tanks and Armenian air defenseThe Print Tea
(14 Nov 2020) How drones helped Azerbaijan defeat Armenia, and the implications for future modern warfare
/ref> during the

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories. It was a major escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, involvi ...

. In 2010 China deployed 11,000 troops in Gilgit, near Kashmir.Indian Expres
(28 Aug 2010) China deploys 11,000 troops in Gilgit area in Occupied Kashmir
/ref> #*Japan and India have agreed to enhance their bilateral defense cooperation (9 September 2022).Press Trust of Indi

#Japan: faces North Korea;Daishi Abe and Rieko Miki
(14 Aug 2020) Japan wants de facto 'Six Eyes' intelligence status: defense chief
*Masay Kato
(13 Aug 2020) Japan's deeper ties with Five Eyes hinge on how it keeps secrets
/ref> Japan has expressed interest in developing its own F-X fighter program;Brian Burto
(28 Jun 2021) As Allies Design Fighter Aircraft, The United States Faces a Decision
/ref> Brian Burton notes that interoperable materiel is needed for allies and partners of the US, and that the US could constructively influence Japan's impending 20-year development effort with lessons learned from

UAV An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft with no human pilot, crew, or passengers onboard, but rather is controlled remotely or is autonomous.De Gruyter Handbook of Drone ...

s and air defense, for example. On 26 December 2019, at Putin's annual news conference with foreign media, Hirofumi Sugizaki, a Japanese journalist asked about the end of the INF Treaty and the cooperation of Russia and China on an anti-missile system. Putin characterized the anti-missile system as defensive, and the relation of US and Russia as a 'draw' (ヒキワケ—''hikiwake'').Russia Insight (26 December 2019) Putin Stunned By Words Of Japanese Journalist: What Are You Talking About!?
Video clip: 6:51Colin Clar
(15 Jul 2021) 'Sense Of Crisis' On China-Taiwan: Japan Defense White Paper
Japan draws closer to Taiwan

Zack Cooper Zack Cooper is an American national security and foreign policy analyst currently serving as a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), an adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown University, and a lecturer in Public and Interna ...

and Eric Sayer
(12 Jan 2023) JAPAN’S SHIFT TO WAR FOOTING
'2+2 Meeting' of defense/state us/japan bilateral agreements Mike Roger
(4 Mar 2022) China is watching Ukraine closely, the US should watch China
/ref>Allegra Goodwin CNN in Londo

UK Prime Minister "Sunak said it was 'telling' that Putin would not attend" G20 in Indonesia, in light of the

2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...

. * Mark Galleot
(11 Nov 2022) Opinion: Putin can cling on to power, but his legend is dead
"Multiple security forces balance each other: in Moscow, for example, the military garrison, a special division of the National Guard and the Kremlin Regiment, all report to different chains of command. The Federal Security Service watches all three – and the Federal Protection Service in turn watch them". * Simone McCarthy, CN

"Putin ... is increasingly isolated".CN
(16 November 2022) Pentagon gives update after missile hits Poland
4 hour Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting with 50 nations 47:21 Japan will compensate companies for not disclosing patents with military applications.Reuter

/ref> In a Joint test, Japan's

Cooperative Engagement Capability Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) is a sensor network with integrated fire control capability that is intended to significantly improve battle force air and missile defense capabilities by combining data from multiple battle force air search ...

allowed JS Maya to detect and track a ballistic missile; JS Haguro shot it down.Mike Ye
(22 Nov 2022) Japanese destroyers intercept ballistic missiles in tests with US Navy

Applications of power projection

The ''Texas National Security Review'' projects five scenarios for the global economy:Aaron L. Friedber
(Winter 2021/2022) The Growing Rivalry Between America and China and the Future of Globalization
/ref> # Reglobalization as in the 1980s # Deglobalization away from the trends of the 2000sThe Changing Orde
(9 Feb 2022) —Peter Zeihan: How Deglobalization Works, Full Webinar
video 58:24FORECAST INTERNATIONAL STAFF, FORECAST INTERNATIONAL
(18 Apr 2024) Global defense spending jumped in 2023
/ref> # Globalization with Chinese characteristics # Regional blocs with partially closed tradingMichael Kofma
(Apr 2019) Drivers of Russian Grand Strategy
/ref>Akhil Rames
( Are we witnessing the beginning of de-dollarization?
Caspian Repor
(14 Jun 2022) How Russia could collapse (again)
Local republics could blockade other republics of the Federation to preserve local stability, which appears to be the choice of the people.Clare Sebastian, CN

Russia now selling oil to Asia, six months after sanctions by West. # Shared strategic interests and common political values, which Friedberg judges will be the choice of the Western bloc and its direction for power projection.

Hard power

Examples of hard power projection include: * Showing the flag: the symbolic deployment of military forces to a region for the purposes of demonstrating political interest, resolve, or willingness to take more forceful military action. * Compulsion/deterrence: the use of the threat of military force against another state to either induce it into or dissuade it from pursuing a given policy. In this form, power projection acts as a diplomatic tool, attempting to influence the decision-making process of foreign actors.(26 Jan 2022) Will There Be a War Over Ukraine? 13 Putin Watchers Weigh In
/ref>David M. Herszenhorn and Paul McLear

ala SoFSebastian Sprenge

/ref>Jaroslaw Adamowsk
(9 Jul 2021) Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US
250 M1A2 SEPv3s, + dozen tracked vehicles, purchase confirme
14 July 2021
*John Vandive

*Paul McLear

State Department approval, so the tanks are not yet available for shipment from Vendor Douglas London, Foreign Affair
(11 Apr 2022) A Shadow War Against Putin
''See Power projection#Gray zone competition for context'' * Punishment: the punitive use of force against another state in response to their pursuit of a given policy. * Armed intervention: the movement of military forces into another nation's territory for the purposes of influencing the internal affairs of the target country short of outright conquest.Leaders
(29 Jan 2022) A war in Ukraine could have global consequences
"The likelihood of China invading Taiwan would surely rise."Anna Nemtsov

/ref>Ivana Kottasová, Tamara Qiblawi and Helen Rega

/ref>Sergey Radchenk
(22 Feb 2022) MOSCOW MUSINGS ON BRINKSMANSHIP FROM STALIN TO PUTIN
/ref> * Conquest: the offensive use of military assets to forcibly occupy territory controlled or claimed by another state.CaspianRepor
(29 Jan 2022) What a Russian assault on Ukraine would look like
video clip 14:41Sam LaGron
(8 Feb 2022) UPDATED: Russian Navy Amphibious Group Enters Black Sea as Warships Mass in the Mediterranean
/ref>Liudas Dapkus and Dasha Litvinov
(19 Feb 2022) Russia ‘uncoiling and poised to strike’ says US defense secretary
/ref>Jack Watling and Nick Reynold
(22 Apr 2022) Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion
26 pagesReuben Johnso
(19 May 2022) Russian attempts to restock its military may be doomed to failure
/ref>Kyle Mizokam
(27 Jan 2022) Russia Won't Start a War With Ukraine Out of the Blue. Look For These 8 Warning Signs.
#Fuel and Ammunition Stockpiles #Cyberwarfare #GPS Jamming, Spoofing #Attack submarine sorties #Electronic warfare #Social media blackout #Little green men Events #Drone reconnaissanceJeremy Herb, Katie Bo Lillis, Barbara Starr and Sean Lyngaas, CNN

/ref>Phil Stewart and Humeyra Pamuk, Reuter

/ref> In 2022

Michael Kofman Michael Kofman is an American military analyst known for his expertise on the Russian Armed Forces. He is the former director of the Russia Studies Program at CNA, a senior fellow in the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for I ...

projected that a Russian invasion of Ukraine would be eastward via Donbas, northward from Crimea, and up the Dnieper river to encircle Ukraine's capital Kyiv,Michael Kofma
(24 Jan 2022) Putin's Wager in Russia's Standoff With the West
/ref>Karen DeYoung, Dan Lamothe, John Hudson and Shane Harris. The Washington Pos
(5 Feb 2022) Russia could invade Ukraine within days, causing up to 50,000 civilian deaths, U.S. intelligence assessments find
/ref> with a political takeover of Ukraine a likely objective of Russian leadership.''The New York Times'
(24 Feb 2022) Maps: Tracking the Russian Invasion of Ukraine
/ref> Daniel Treismanbr>(22 Feb 2022) Putin isn't likely to stop here
/ref>Paul Kirb
(23 Feb 2022) Why is Russia ordering troops into Ukraine and what does Putin want?
/ref>Reuter
(23 Feb 2022) Ukraine starts drafting reservists aged 18-60 after president's order
/ref>Jake Harrington and Riley McCab
(1 Feb 2022) Keeping Pace in the Gray ZOne: Three Recommendations for the U.S. Intelligence Community
/ref>Michael Kofma
(23 Feb 2022) Michael Kofman, an expert on Russia’s armed forces, explains why the Kremlin will seek regime change in Ukraine
/ref> However, in lieu of a political takeover, a

decapitation strike Decapitation is a military strategy aimed at removing the leadership or command and control of a hostile government or group. In nuclear warfare In nuclear warfare theory, a decapitation strike is a pre-emptive first strike attack that aims ...

is a possible tactic.Valerie Insinn
(24 Feb 2022) Russia aiming to ‘decapitate’ Ukrainian government: US official
/ref>Valerie Insinn
(11 March 2022 at 12:35 PM) Top American generals on three key lessons learned from Ukraine
Marine Corps Commandant Gen. David Berger, Army Chief of Staff Gen. James McConville, and Air Combat Command head Gen. Mark Kelly: 1) Humble “Legacy” Technology Can Still Play a Role Against a Sophisticated Adversary, 2) The Human Element (Still) Matters, and 3) Logistics Are Not OptionalSky New
(28 Apr 2022) Can Russia be pushed out of Ukraine entirely?
Retired Air Vice Marshal Sean Bell 2:25/4:08 use 155mm howitzers, coupled with counterfire radar (i.e. TPQ-53) against Russian artilleryRob Pichet
(29 Jan 2022) How a Russian invasion of Ukraine would reverberate around the world
/ref>Frontline (Mar 15, 2022
Putin's Road to War (full documentary)
53:18 Alexander Vindman has projected a path for Ukraine to retake Crimea.Francis P. Semp
(7 Feb 2023) Alexander Vindman and the Road to World War III
/ref> By 5 April 2023 Ukraine signalled that it might entertain talks with Russia if the Ukrainian counteroffensive reached the border of Crimea.Christopher Miller in Kyiv and Felicia Schwartz in Washingto
(5 Apr 2023) Ukraine 'ready' to talk to Russia on Crimea if counteroffensive succeeds
Barry Rosenber
(20 July 2023) 3-to-5 years from now is the danger time when the US could face both China and Russia
Justin Bronk RUSI(UK) US/Europe power projection

Power projection capabilities

Notes

References

External links

US Army Field Manual 100-10 Chapter 1: Power Projection

{{DEFAULTSORT:Power Projection Power (international relations) Military logistics Military strategy Military doctrines Power (social and political) concepts

History

Elements

Types

Applications of power projection

Hard power

Power projection capabilities

See also

Notes

References

External links