Flavescence Dorée
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Flavescence dorée (from French "Flavescence" : yellowing and "dorée" : golden) is one of the most important and damaging
phytoplasma Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. Phytoplasmas were discovered in 1967 by Japanese scientists who termed them mycoplasma-li ...
diseases of the
vine A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.Jackson; Benjamin; Da ...
with the potential to threaten
vineyard A vineyard ( , ) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines. Many vineyards exist for winemaking; others for the production of raisins, table grapes, and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is kno ...
s.Maggi F, Bosco D, Galetto L, Palmano S, Marzachì C. Space-Time Point Pattern Analysis of Flavescence Dorée Epidemic in a Grapevine Field: Disease Progression and Recovery. Front Plant Sci. 2017 Jan 6;7:1987. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01987. PMID 28111581; PMCID: PMC5216681. The bacterial agent has recently been named '' Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis'', and its
vector Vector most often refers to: * Euclidean vector, a quantity with a magnitude and a direction * Disease vector, an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism Vector may also refer to: Mathematics a ...
is the
leafhopper Leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family (biology), family Cicadellidae: based on the type genus ''Cicadella''. These minute insects, colloquially known as hoppers, are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or ...
, ''
Scaphoideus titanus ''Scaphoideus titanus'', the American grapevine leafhopper, is an insect of the leafhopper family (Cicadellidae) which feeds on various plants of the family Vitaceae. Native to North America, it was introduced by accident to Europe where it has b ...
''. Infection may kill young vines and greatly reduce the productivity of old vines. It is classified as a
phytoplasma Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. Phytoplasmas were discovered in 1967 by Japanese scientists who termed them mycoplasma-li ...
disease belonging to the group generically termed
grapevine yellows Grapevine yellows (GY) are diseases associated to phytoplasmas that occur in many grape growing areas worldwide and are of still increasing significance. The most important grapevine yellows is flavescence dorée. Phytoplasmas are obligate cel ...
.winepros.com.au. Occurrences are in sporadic
epidemic An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί ''epi'' "upon or above" and δῆμος ''demos'' "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. For example, in meningococcal infection ...
s, and
varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
vary in their sensitivity to it. There is no cure at the moment and the way to manage its spread is by uprooting infected plants and by using selective insecticides in an area-wide pest management approach in order to reduce the hemipteran vectors.


Symptoms

The incubation period between infection and obvious symptoms is usually one year or more, depending on the response of the plant to both pathogen and environmental circumstances. Flavescence dorée has the following symptoms: * leaves become yellow or red, depending on the variety * downward rolling of leaves * drying of stems and grapes * there is no
cold hardening Cold hardening is the physiological and biochemical process by which an organism prepares for cold weather. Plants Plants in temperate and polar regions adapt to winter and sub zero temperatures by relocating nutrients from leaves and shoots to ...
Some plants affected with Flavescence dorée may die, some may be asymptomatic while some, depending on the grapevine variety, can recover in a process currently not completely understood. The S titanus can not get the Flavescence dorée from recovered and asymptomatic plants.


Tests

The ''
Phytoplasma Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. Phytoplasmas were discovered in 1967 by Japanese scientists who termed them mycoplasma-li ...
'' bacterium species responsible for the disease cannot be cultured in vitro in cell-free media.
Quantitative PCR A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR when used quantitatively) is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule duri ...
can be used for the early detection of the bacterium in the plant.


Biology

''Ca. Phytoplasma vitis'' is part of the 16SrV group (group name: Elm yellows) in the ''
Phytoplasma Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. Phytoplasmas were discovered in 1967 by Japanese scientists who termed them mycoplasma-li ...
'' taxonomy.


History

Flavescence dorée first appeared in 1949 in the
Armagnac Armagnac (, ) is a distinctive kind of brandy produced in the Armagnac (region), Armagnac region in Gascony, southwest France. It is distilled from wine usually made from a blend of grapes including Baco 22A, Colombard, Folle blanche and Ugni ...
region of south west
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. Its insect vector, ''S. titanus'', was originally native to the
Eastern United States The Eastern United States, often abbreviated as simply the East, is a macroregion of the United States located to the east of the Mississippi River. It includes 17–26 states and Washington, D.C., the national capital. As of 2011, the Eastern ...
and
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
and is believed to have been introduced to
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either during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
or earlier with American rootstock brought in to fight off
phylloxera Grape phylloxera is an insect pest of grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. Grape phylloxera (''Daktulosphaira vitifoliae'' (Fitch 1855) belongs to the family Phylloxeridae, within the order Hemiptera, bugs); orig ...
. Spreading steadily throughout France, it had by 1987 reached the
wine Wine is an alcoholic drink made from Fermentation in winemaking, fermented fruit. Yeast in winemaking, Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made f ...
growing regions of
Cognac Cognac ( , also , ) is a variety of brandy named after the Communes of France, commune of Cognac, France. It is produced in the surrounding wine-growing region in the Departments of France, departments of Charente and Charente-Maritime. Cogn ...
,
Languedoc The Province of Languedoc (, , ; ) is a former province of France. Most of its territory is now contained in the modern-day region of Occitanie in Southern France. Its capital city was Toulouse. It had an area of approximately . History ...
and northern and southern
Rhône The Rhône ( , ; Occitan language, Occitan: ''Ròse''; Franco-Provençal, Arpitan: ''Rôno'') is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before dischargi ...
, and by 1992 the
Loire Valley The Loire Valley (, ), spanning , is a valley located in the middle stretch of the Loire river in central France, in both the administrative regions Pays de la Loire and Centre-Val de Loire. The area of the Loire Valley comprises about . It is r ...
, and
Bordeaux Bordeaux ( ; ; Gascon language, Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde Departments of France, department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the Prefectures in F ...
.winepros.com.au. Variants of the disease are found in
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
,
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
,
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
,
New York state New York, also called New York State, is a state in the northeastern United States. Bordered by New England to the east, Canada to the north, and Pennsylvania and New Jersey to the south, its territory extends into both the Atlantic Ocean and ...
, and
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
. The period of milder winters and warmer springs and falls at the beginning of the 21st century allowed S. titanus to have longer periods to complete, which is a probable reason for the increase of its population and expansion in western, eastern and southern Europe. Although
Scaphoideus titanus ''Scaphoideus titanus'', the American grapevine leafhopper, is an insect of the leafhopper family (Cicadellidae) which feeds on various plants of the family Vitaceae. Native to North America, it was introduced by accident to Europe where it has b ...
descends from North America, flavescence dorée is not reported in USA and Canada.


Management

Without control measures to manage Flavescence dorée it can infect all vines in a vineyard within only a couple of years. There is no cure at the moment and the way to manage its spread is by: * uprooting infected plants, * using selective insecticides in an area-wide pest management approach in order to reduce the hemipteran vectors * careful monitoring of the propagation material Complete suppression of Flavescence dorée is not possible only with insecticides because they reduce populations of S. titanus in average by about 80-95%. That is why uprooting of infected plants should be combined with insecticide application. During the period of activity of adult vector it is strongly recommended to avoid any kind of mechanical or chemical control of host plants because its unavailability could drive infected vector to disperse to other noninfected plants. It has been proposed by Antoine Caudwell, a French agriculturist who was a pioneer in research on grapevine phytoplasma diseases such as flavescence dorée, to treat plant material with hot water since 1966. When later works proved the effectiveness of the hot water treatment it was recognized in EU Directive and some other organizations. A phytoplasma disease in periwinkle was shown to be cured by treatement of
Auxin Auxins (plural of auxin ) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essent ...
, a plant growth hormone that could have a role in plant defense. Auxin might be effective in grapes to counter Flavescence dorée. File:Flavescence dorée 2.jpg, Symptoms on German variety
Scheurebe Scheurebe () or Sämling 88 is a white wine grape variety. It is primarily grown in Germany and Austria, where it often is called Sämling 88 (''English'': Seedling 88), and some parts of the New World. Scheurebe wines are highly aromatic, and th ...
File:Flavescence dorée 1.jpg, Symptoms on German variety Scheurebe File:FD S Herndl Lanz 2009.jpg, Symptoms on German variety Scheurebe


See also

*
List of grape diseases This is a list of diseases of grapes (''Vitis'' spp.). Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Miscellaneous diseases and disorders Nematodes, parasitic Phytoplasma, virus and viruslike diseases See also *'' Ampeloglypter ater'' *'' Am ...
*
black wood of grapevine "''Candidatus'' Phytoplasma solani" is a phytopathogenic bacterial ''Phytoplasma'' species of the 16SrXII group, the causal agent of the black wood of grapevine. The black wood of grapevine disease is classified as part of the grapevine yellow ...
or "Stolbur" or "Bois noir", another vine disease due to a ''
Phytoplasma Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. Phytoplasmas were discovered in 1967 by Japanese scientists who termed them mycoplasma-li ...
'' species


References


External links


Documentation at inra.fr
{{DEFAULTSORT:Flavescence Doree Bacterial grape diseases Candidatus taxa