FanFiction.Net (often abbreviated as FF.net or FFN) is an automated

fan fiction Fan fiction or fanfiction, also known as fan fic, fanfic, fic or FF, is fiction typically written in an amateur capacity by fans as a form of fan labor, unauthorized by, but based on, an existing work of fiction. The author uses copyrighted ...

archive site. It was first launched in 1998 by software designer Xing Li, and currently has over 12 million registered users. The site is split into main categories:

Anime is a Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, , in Japan and in Ja ...

Manga are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long history in earlier Japanese art. The term is used in Japan to refer to both comics ...

Book A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, ...

s, Cartoons,

Games A game is a Structure, structured type of play (activity), play usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an Educational game, educational tool. Many games are also considered to be Work (human activity), work (such as p ...

Comics a Media (communication), medium used to express ideas with images, often combined with text or other visual information. It typically the form of a sequence of Panel (comics), panels of images. Textual devices such as speech balloons, Glo ...

Movies A film, also known as a movie or motion picture, is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, emotions, or atmosphere through the use of moving images that are generally, since ...

, Plays/

Musicals Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through words, music, movement ...

, TV shows, Crossover, and Miscellaneous. Users who complete the free registration process can submit their fan fiction, maintain a user profile, review other stories, apply for a beta reader position, contact each other via private messages, and maintain a list of favorite stories and authors. There are centralized communities and forums. In lieu of signing up with a new account, the website allows users to use their

Google Google LLC (, ) is an American multinational corporation and technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial ...

Facebook Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by the American technology conglomerate Meta Platforms, Meta. Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with four other Harvard College students and roommates, Eduardo Saverin, Andre ...

, or

Twitter Twitter, officially known as X since 2023, is an American microblogging and social networking service. It is one of the world's largest social media platforms and one of the most-visited websites. Users can share short text messages, image ...

accounts. The site also owns a Twitter account called FictionPress where users of the website are updated on changes and improvements made. While Fanfiction.net is still prolific as a viable source of fanfiction creation, the site has shown a decline in popularity due to a number of factors such as a lack of updates, an outdated system, rampant advertisements, and restrictions on types of fanworks.

History

Xing Li, a software developer from Alhambra, California, created FanFiction.Net in 1998. Initially made by Xing Li as a school project, the site was created as a not-for-profit repository for fan-created stories that revolved around characters from popular literature, films, television,

anime is a Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, , in Japan and in Ja ...

, and video games. Registration was open to all people who claimed to be over 18, and by 2002 over 118,000 people were registered. (The age limit has since been moved down to 13.) At that time, one-third of the registrants self-identified as 18 or younger, and 80% were female.

Features

Fanfiction.net provides a number of options that login users can use to create stories and interact with both fans and fellow authors.

Private messaging

This feature is separated into two categories: Inbox and Outbox. While its function may be self explanatory, it's important to note that authors may receive a private message (PM) from anyone who has an affiliated account. In addition to this, there is no report button affiliated with this feature. Fortunately, blocking a user stops them from leaving PMs and reviews. There is also a way to disable private messaging. By clicking on account settings, under Account Options, the author may choose to either accept or decline PMs. Additionally, the site has a feature that filters basic profanity for both incoming reviews and PM messages.

Forums

The author can create up to 10 forums for personal use and can optionally link a forum to a specific category. The site asks that forums must adhere to the rules that both complies to terms and service and creates a nontoxic environment for other users. The rules are: # Forums are not to be used to post stories. # All discussions, language and content, must be suitable for teens. # The owner/moderator(s) of this forum is soley responsible for content posted within this area.

Polls

Authors may create up to 25 polls for personal use. This feature is primarily used to discuss topics within a forum of one's fandom of primary interest. All votes are confidential and protected. Neither the poll creator nor the voters are able to view the individual votes and/or voters. Only the total number of voters are revealed. The author has the option to enable "blind" polls. In a blind poll, live poll results are not accessible to the voters. Poll result is only available to the public when the poll has been closed.

Reader feedback

Readers can interact with the FanFiction.Net content in various ways. If the reader likes a story and/or its author, they can favorite both the story and its author. Favorites are similar to likes, hearts or Archive of Our Own's kudos. Favorite stories and authors are displayed on a user's public profile page at the very bottom. A reader can also follow a story and/or its author. When a reader follows a story, they receive email notifications whenever that story is updated. When a reader follows an author, they receive email updates whenever the author updates any of their stories or publishes a new one. Readers can also leave reviews after reading stories, most of which were positive as of 2001.Berman, A.S.
Lame TV season? Write your own episodes online
" ''

USA Today ''USA Today'' (often stylized in all caps) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company. Founded by Al Neuharth in 1980 and launched on September 14, 1982, the newspaper operates from Gannett's corporate headq ...

''. August 20, 2001. Retrieved on May 19, 2011. While reviews can be left by those without accounts, it is an option for all writers on the site to moderate "anonymous reviews", made by those who are not signed into an account. Reviews left by signed-in users cannot be moderated or disabled. FanFiction.Net does not operate a screening or editorial board.

Most popular sections

As of October 8, 2022, the top 20 fandoms (i.e., the fandoms with the most stories submitted) on FanFiction.Net are (the figures are rounded to nearest thousand):

Community

Authors can create or edit a community, which are essentially custom archives organized by active members containing hand-picked stories from community volunteers. If an author creates a new community, they will be able to hire and manage a group of community staff members who will moderate entries to the community archive. The author can hire and delete any staff or story in the community while also checking its statistics, which details how popular their community is.

Traffic stats

This feature allows the author to monitor how often their stories, profile, and community are being visited by readers. The author can filter the month they would like to view and even see a breakdown of the number of views and visitors they receive from a different country of origin.

Site content

The stories published to the site can be about new and old existing works. By 2001, almost 100,000 stories were posted on the website. Steven Savage, a programmer who wrote a column for FanFiction.Net, described it as "the adult version of when kids play at being TV characters" and that the content posted on the website serves as examples for "when people really care about something". FanFiction.Net has since become the largest online repository for fan-created works. FanFiction.Net also hosts one of the longest works of fiction ever written. ''The Subspace Emissary's Worlds Conquest'', a '' Super Smash Bros.'' fan fiction written by FanFiction.Net user AuraChannelerChris, gained media attention for its length of over four million words at the time of notice, more than three times as long as ''

In Search of Lost Time ''In Search of Lost Time'' (), first translated into English as ''Remembrance of Things Past'', and sometimes referred to in French as ''La Recherche'' (''The Search''), is a novel in seven volumes by French author Marcel Proust. This early twen ...

'' written by

Marcel Proust Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust ( ; ; 10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, literary critic, and essayist who wrote the novel (in French – translated in English as ''Remembrance of Things Past'' and more r ...

. ''The Loud House: Revamped'', a fan fiction published by Jamesdean5842 and mainly centered around the animated television series '' The Loud House'', was written from 2017 to 2024. It was 16 million words long by 2022 and over 30 million upon completion, claimed by '' The Spectator Australia'' to be "the longest fiction work in the history of the world".

Story publishing

FanFiction.Net has nine categories for various fandoms:

, Books, Cartoons,

, Miscellaneous, Movies, Plays/

, and TV shows. Stories on the site can be published as either "Fanfiction" with only one assigned sub-category, or as a " Crossover" with only two sub-categories. Excluding crossovers and as of July 2023, the top fandoms on the site are ''

Harry Potter ''Harry Potter'' is a series of seven Fantasy literature, fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young Magician (fantasy), wizard, Harry Potter (character), Harry Potter, and his friends ...

'', ''

Naruto ''Naruto'' is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. It tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki, a young ninja who seeks recognition from his peers and dreams of becoming the Hokage, the leader of his village. T ...

'', and ''Twilight''. Writers may upload their stories to the site and must assign them a sub-category, language, and content rating. FanFiction.Net uses the content rating system from FictionRatings.com. This system contains the ratings of K, K+, T, M and MA. The MA rating and explicit violent and/or sexual themes are forbidden. The ratings are no longer done on the MPAA system, due to cease-and-desist demands from the

Motion Picture Association of America The Motion Picture Association (MPA) is an American trade association representing the Major film studios, five major film studios of the Cinema of the United States, United States, the Major film studios#Mini-majors, mini-major Amazon MGM Stud ...

in 2005. A list of explanations for the rating system currently employed is available from the drop-down rating menu in each of the individual archives on the site. The MA (18+) rating is not permitted on this site. A short K-rated summary is also required for a story to be published. While not required, the website recommends authors upload a cover image to their story.

Banned content

Through the years after its conception, FanFiction.Net instituted several policy changes as it grew in size and popularity. As a result, it placed restrictions on the types of fan works that could be posted on the site.

Copyright and trademark infringement

Since the site's founding, several professional authors and producers have asked that stories based on their

copyright A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive legal right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, ...

ed or

trademark A trademark (also written trade mark or trade-mark) is a form of intellectual property that consists of a word, phrase, symbol, design, or a combination that identifies a Good (economics and accounting), product or Service (economics), service f ...

ed works be removed, including Anne Rice, P. N. Elrod,

Archie Comics Archie Comic Publications, Inc. (often referred to simply as Archie Comics) is an American comic book publisher headquartered in the village of Pelham, New York. The company's many titles feature the fictional teenagers Archie Andrews, Jug ...

, Dennis L. McKiernan, Irene Radford, J.R. Ward, Laurell K. Hamilton,

Nora Roberts Nora Roberts (born Eleanor Marie Robertson on October 10, 1950) is an American author of over 225 novels, known for romance novel, romance published under her own name. She also writes police procedurals which have elements of science fiction ...

, Raymond E. Feist, Robin Hobb, Robin McKinley, and Terry Goodkind. In addition, stories based on real-life celebrities were disallowed around 2003. Fan fiction based on professional wrestling, however, is still allowed, being the number one fandom in the "Miscellaneous" category.

Explicit fiction

On September 12, 2002, FanFiction.Net banned material that was rated NC-17, and removed it on October 12, 2002. This was done because of a high volume of complaints related to certain adult stories. Prior to the new policy, the site would use a pop-up to prompt readers to say whether they were over 17 or not, but since then, the site has relied on its users to report stories that are inappropriately rated. Story titles and summaries must be rated K. FanFiction.Net experienced a temporary shutdown for two days in July 2024 due to a policy update regarding explicit content and depictions of child abuse.

CYOA (choose your own adventure) and reader-insertion fiction

Choose-your-own-adventure and reader-insertion fanfiction have both been banned since 2005, and the site removed all material that had the potential of inserting the reader into a fanfiction. Under the heading of "Entries not allowed", item #5 says: "Any form of interactive entry: choose your adventure, second person/you based, Q&As, etc." A few speculate that the issue with these types of works were due to writers using the space as more of a blog to interact with readers rather than creating a story.

Songfics

In 2005, FanFiction.Net banne
songfics
which contain copyrighted lyrics.

Public domain The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no Exclusive exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly Waiver, waived, or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds ...

lyrics (such as those to "

Amazing Grace "Amazing Grace" is a Christian hymn written in 1772 and published in 1779 by English Anglican clergyman and poet John Newton (1725–1807). It is possibly the most sung and most recorded hymn in the world, and especially popular in the Unit ...

") or lyrics written by the author of the fan fiction are allowed.

Lists

The official Fanfiction.net Content Guideline states that lists fall under the line of non-stories, along with bloopers, polls, previews, challenges, author notes, etc, thus they are not allowed on the site.

Reception

At first, FanFiction.Net's server was accessible mainly only in the West; and worked poorly, if at all, in other parts of the world. In late 2006, announcements were made of special web links designed for Europe and Asia. These were supposed to give other areas of the world a significant boost in server speed on the website. In 2007, all three web links were combined under one worldwide link. In an announcement on the home page, it was stated that the site would go global that year. As of October 2023, 44% of FanFiction.net users are from the

United States of America The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguo ...

with the second highest traffic area being the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

with approximately 6% of the users. According to Hitwise, as of August 2007 FanFiction.Net comprised 34.7% of all traffic directed to sites in the Entertainment, Books and Writing category. For the week ending August 25, 2007, the site was ranked 159 out of over in terms of hits. While the site is primarily used for recreational use, researches have been considering bringing fan fiction use into classrooms. Fanfiction.net provides many avenues of communication for its users, making it a primary subject of consideration. Due to the site's demographics leaning primarily towards women, researchers have also considered fan fiction as an online organization that could potentially be utilized for feminist thought and discussion. However, ultimately, in this current age, online relations have become more prevalent, and the manners of how interaction influences creative thought has been a significant role of Fanfiction.net's user activity from when it was conceived to now.

Archiving

FanFiction.Net text-only content can be deleted at any time by either the author of the story or the site administration. Because of this there are projects to archive works. These include the ff2ebook project, fichub, and an independent projects on Archive.org.

FictionPress.com

FanFiction.Net's sister site, FictionPress.com, contains over 1 million original stories, poems, and plays. The site has a similar format and rules to FanFiction.Net, except that no fan fiction is allowed. Currently, there are more poems than prose.

References

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:FanFiction.Net Ebook sources Fan fiction Internet properties established in 1998 1998 establishments in California