Exponent II is a quarterly periodical, the longest-running independent publication for Latter-day Saint women. At its launch, by a women's group in Massachusetts in 1974, it described itself as a "spiritual descendent" of the '' Woman's Exponent'', founded 100 years earlier. A print edition remains available, while the journal has also been published online since 2007. The Exponent II organization also runs a program of annual residential retreats since the 1980s, and supports a semi-autonomous blog, ''The Exponent''.

History

Following the consolidation of the Relief Society budget into the central LDS Church budget, and of the ''Relief Society Magazine'' into the general church journal, the '' Ensign'', in 1970, an independent publication called ''Exponent II'' was started in 1974 by several

Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As part of the Greater Boston, Boston metropolitan area, the cities population of the 2020 United States Census, 2020 U.S. census was 118,403, making it the fourth most ...

-area Mormon women, including Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Claudia Bushman, Carrell Hilton Sheldon, Judy Dushku and

Sue Booth-Forbes Susan Booth-Forbes (formerly Paxman, née Larson), is an American-Irish teacher, writer and literary editor. She was a co-founder of the progressive Mormon women's journal Exponent II, from 1974, and its longest-serving editor, from 1984 to 199 ...

. This journal had two inspirations, one being the 1972 finding of a run of the Woman's Exponent in the

Widener Library The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library, housing some 3.5million books in its "vast and cavernous" stacks, is the centerpiece of the Harvard College Libraries (the libraries of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences) and, more broadly, of the ...

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...

, and the other being a suggestion by one of the LDS Church leaders in the Boston area, historian Richard Bushman. The group had previously produced a book, ''Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah'', partly based on courses they had designed for and presented at the local LDS Institute, and some had previously worked together on a women-focused issue of

Dialogue Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange. As a philosophical or didactic device, it is ...

and, as a Cambridge Ward Relief Society project, a guide to Boston. The group had also held two gala dinners in honour of the Woman's Exponent, the first with Maureen Ursenbach Beecher as keynote speaker, on

Eliza R. Snow Eliza Roxcy Snow (January 21, 1804 – December 5, 1887) was one of the most celebrated Latter Day Saint women of the nineteenth century. A renowned poet, she chronicled history, celebrated nature and relationships, and expounded scripture an ...

. The early production encouraged by the official LDS Church Historian,

Leonard Arrington Leonard James Arrington (July 2, 1917 – February 11, 1999) was an American author, academic and the founder of the Mormon History Association. He is known as the "Dean of Mormon History" and "the Father of Mormon History" because of his ma ...

and was aided by a small grant from the Mormon History Association to the group for library and copying expenses, and was done in the homes of group members. The journal is sometimes characterised as related to the New Mormon history movement. The first edition - which carried a banner headline reading "Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?" - offered articles on the Equal Rights Amendment, poetry, profiles of female Mormon civic leaders, scholars and entrepreneurs, and notices of study groups and retreats. Following initial publication, some concerns were expressed to Claudia Bushman by a family friend who was also an assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve, and more later by a former Boston Stake President - then a member of the Quorum - with the result that Bushman stepped down as editor and was succeeded by Nancy Dredge. The women formed a non-profit organization with no official relation to the LDS Church, at first incorporated as Mormon Sisters, Inc., later Exponent II, Inc., which continues in existence. During the 1970s, according to Alice Colton Smith, a member of the Relief Society General Board at the time, members of the Board were not permitted to subscribe to ''Exponent II'', yet she and a few others did so under the names of their husbands. The magazine has been published online since 2007. A 40th anniversary event was held in Boston in 2014, attended by 25 of the 1974 group, and current leaders of the Exponent II organization. In 2017 the Board of Exponent II announced that a former treasurer (2012 to 2017) had misappropriated funds. In December 2018 the scale of the embezzlement was revealed to be in excess of a net 100,000 US dollars, with over 191,000 dollars taken in over 600 transactions, and over 84,000 returned before and after discovery. The former treasurer was investigated by the FBI, prosecuted, and sentenced to prison in 2019, and new financial safeguards were put in place.

Goals and approach

The journal launched with twin platforms of Mormonism and feminism, and while it continues to focus on the concerns and experiences of some

Mormon Mormons are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement started by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s. After Smith's death in 1844, the movement split into seve ...

women from a feminist perspective, it modified its initial goals over time. As of 1984, for example, it summarized its aims as publication on topics of concern to women, and of interest to all, on an "open forum" basis, in a variety of writing forms, and predominantly Mormon-orientated; guidelines were included for both general writing and for poetry. The periodical aims to be open and non-judgmental, and editorially independent of the LDS Church authorities. While the Church takes no official position on the independent publication, the periodical was apparently described at a 1974 meeting of the Quorum of the Twelve as "Claudia Bushman’s Women’s Lib magazine." Some key concerns of the magazine have been summarized as the struggles of women with modern life's demands, including those of family, and the roles and ways of living for women, sometimes in contrast to traditional perceptions.

Publication, staffing and circulation

''Exponent II'' is published in tabloid or magazine format, quarterly. The newspaper grew rapidly upon launch, reaching over 4,000 subscribers within its first year, from all US states, and abroad, beating a target of 500. As of 2016 the role of Editor-in-Chief is held by Margaret Olsen Hemming, in succession to Claudia Bushman (1974-1975), Nancy T. Dredge (1975-1981 and 2000-2009), Susan E. Howe (1981–1984), Susan Paxman (1984-1997), Jenny Atkinson (1997-2000), and co-editors Aimee Evans Hickman and Emily Clyde Curtis (2010-2016). There is also a Managing Editor overseeing production, a post held since 2016 by Pandora Brewer, and editors for Art, Layout and specific sections. From the beginning, a very popular section has been the ''Sisters Speak'' column, where a question is posed, and debated by readers writing in. Artwork, especially for the cover, has been produced by members of the production group, but also by other Mormon women. Some issues have listed more than 40 volunteer staff in various roles. The periodical is sold on a subscription basis, in both print and online forms, and single issues from 2014 onwards can also be purchased (some earlier issues can be accessed free). It has ranged in pagination from 16 to 40 pages.

Exponent II retreats

The Exponent II organization has conducted annual residential retreats in the eastern US since the 1980s, where members and others can debate issues and share experiences. The events are popular - sometimes selling out within a day - and often oversubscribed.

Blog

With the blessing of the Exponent II editorial board, Caroline Kline, Jana Remy and Deborah Farmer established a related blog called ''The Exponent'' in January 2005. More than two dozen writers regularly write for the blog, and it includes Relief Society lesson materials written from a Mormon feminist perspective.

Other publications

The Exponent II organization has also produced, and sold, some supplementary items. These have included a coloring book with full page biographies of 25 Mormon women, "Illuminating Ladies," "Habits of Being: Mormon Women's Material Culture," a book of essays and poetry, with authors including Jana Riess, Linda Kimball and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, and a set of Mormon feminist stickers. Also sold is the book "All God's Critters Got a Place in the Choir" by Laurel Thatcher Ulich and Emma Lou Thayne.

Governance

Exponent II is overseen by its Board, led by a President, Vice-President and Treasurer, and including the Editor-in-Chief, Managing Editor, two representatives of the Blog and the Retreats Coordinator. There is also a panel of Emeritus Board Members, including Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and Judy Dushku.

References

Footnotes

External links

''Exponent II'' scans
via BYU's repository on archive.org.
Exponent Blog
The Exponent Blogsite
''Woman's Exponent''
(PDF scans) courtesy of the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. * * . * *{{cite web, ref={{harvid, Exponent II, title=Exponent II, url=http://www.exponentii.org/, website=Exponent II, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822180309/http://www.exponentii.org/, access-date=26 October 2016, archive-date=August 22, 2018 1974 establishments in Massachusetts Feminism in the United States Feminist magazines Exponent II Magazines established in 1974 Magazines published in Massachusetts Mormon studies journals Quarterly magazines published in the United States Women's magazines published in the United States History of women in Massachusetts Mormonism and women