Eugen Müller (19 July 1891 – 24 April 1951) was a German general in the

Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...

during

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. He is known for having drafted the criminal Commissar order in preparation for

Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along ...

, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union.

Career

Born in 1891, Müller enlisted in the army in 1912 and served during

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. He was retained by the Reichswehr and then the

, reaching the rank of Colonel in 1935. On 1 April 1939, Müller was promoted to the rank of ''Generalmajor'' and took command of the War Academy. 1 September 1939, at the outbreak of

, Müller was assigned to the Headquarters Chief of Staff of the Army, under the command of Franz Halder. Müller was in charge of legal and criminal action relating to the occupied areas in Europe. He remained at the General Staff until the end of the war.

Commissar order

The first draft of the Commissar Order was issued by General Eugen Müller on May 6, 1941, and called for the shooting of all commissars in order to avoid letting any captured commissar reach a POW camp in Germany.Jacobesn, Hans-Adolf "The ''Kommisssarbefehl'' and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War" pages 505-536 from ''Anatomy of the SS State'', Walter and Company: New York, 1968 pages 516-517 The German historian Hans-Adolf Jacobsen wrote:

"There was never any doubt in the minds of German Army commanders that the order deliberately flouted international law; that is borne out by the unusually small number of written copies of the ''Kommissarbefehl'' which were distributed".

The paragraph in which General Müller called for Army commanders to prevent "excesses" was removed on the request of the OKW.Jacobesn, Hans-Adolf "The ''Kommisssarbefehl'' and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War" pages 505-536 from ''Anatomy of the SS State'', Walter and Company: New York, 1968 page 519. Brauchitsch amended the order on May 24, 1941, by attaching Müller's paragraph and calling on the Army to maintain discipline in the enforcement of the order. The final draft of the order was issued by OKW on June 6, 1941, and was restricted only to the most senior commanders, who were instructed to inform their subordinates verbally. The enforcement of the Commissar Order led to thousands of executions.Förster, Jürgen "The Wehrmacht and the War of Extermination Against the Soviet Union" pages 494-520 from ''The Nazi Holocaust'' page 502 The German historian Jürgen Förster wrote in 1989 that it was simply not true, as most German Army commanders claimed in their memoirs and some German historians like Ernst Nolte were still claiming, that the Commissar Order was not enforced. On September 23, 1941, after several Wehrmacht commanders had asked for the order to be softened as a way of encouraging the Red Army to surrender, Hitler declined "any modification of the existing orders regarding the treatment of political commissars".Jacobesn, Hans-Adolf "The ''Kommisssarbefehl'' and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War" pages 505-536 from ''Anatomy of the SS State'', Walter and Company: New York, 1968 page 522.

References

Sources

* Andreas Toppe: 'Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899–1940'. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München, 2008. * Christian Streit: 'Keine Kameraden: die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945'. Dietz-Verlag, Bonn, 1997. {{DEFAULTSORT:Muller, Eugen 1891 births 1951 deaths Military personnel from Metz Military personnel from Alsace-Lorraine German Army generals of World War II Generals of Artillery (Wehrmacht) Military personnel of Bavaria Reichswehr personnel Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class