''O Estado de S. Paulo'' (; ), also known as ''Estadão'' (; ), is a daily
newspaper
A newspaper is a Periodical literature, periodical publication containing written News, information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as poli ...
published in
São Paulo
São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
,
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
. It is the third largest newspaper in Brazil, and its format changed from
broadsheet
A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long Vertical and horizontal, vertical pages, typically of in height. Other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner (format), Berliner and Tabloid (newspaper ...
to
berliner on October 17, 2021.
It has the second-largest circulation in the city of
São Paulo
São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
, behind only ''
Folha de S. Paulo
''Folha de S.Paulo'' (sometimes spelled ''Folha de São Paulo''), also known as simply ''Folha'' (, ''Sheet''), is a Brazilian daily newspaper founded in 1921 under the name ''Folha da Noite'' and published in São Paulo by the Folha da Manhã co ...
''. The journal was founded on 4 January 1875, and was first called ''A Província de São Paulo'' ().
[History of Estado de S. Paulo]
/ref> ''O Estado de S. Paulo'' is described by observers as having a right-wing, conservative editorial stance. It is considered a newspaper of record
A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large newspaper circulation, circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and i ...
for Brazil.
History
The term ''Província'' ("Province") was preserved until January 1890, one month after the fall of the monarchy and the subsequent republican regime in Brazil.[ Although the newspaper supported the change, it showed that it was completely independent, refusing to serve the interests of the ascendant Republican Party of São Paulo.
When the then editor in chief Francisco Rangel Pestana left to work in a project of the Constitution, in ]Petrópolis
Petrópolis (), also known as the Imperial City, is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil. It is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, northeast of the city of Rio de Janeiro. According to the 2022 Brazilian census, Petrópolis mun ...
, the young editor Julio de Mesquita effectively took control of ''Estado'' and initiated a series of innovations. One of the innovations was the engagement of the agency Havas
Havas NV () is a French multinational corporation, multinational advertising agency, advertising and public relations company, with its registered office and head office in Puteaux, France.
Havas operates in more than 100 countries. The group ...
, once the largest in the world.
The Estadão pioneered the newspaper selling system in 1875, where it was sold on the streets, instead of by the subscription-only system adopted by all other newspapers in Brazil before that time. At first, this new way of selling resulted in jokes and mockery, but ultimately all rivals adopted the same system. Today, newspapers in Brazil are sold in small street newspapers/magazines shops, and by single sellers located in the main avenues of the biggest cities. Back in the 19th century, the Estadão was sold by only one man, a French immigrant, who carried his newspapers in a bag, while riding a horse, and announcing himself with a cornet.
19th century
In the end of the 19th century, the ''Estado'' was already the largest newspaper in São Paulo, exceeding the circulation of the '' Correio Paulistano''. Property of the Mesquita family since 1902,[History of Estado de S. Paulo (Cont.3)]
/ref> the ''Estado'' supported the Allied cause in World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, suffering reprisals from the German community in the city, which removed all advertising announcements from the newspaper. Despite this, the Mesquitas maintained their editorial position. During the war, the afternoon edition of the newspaper began to circulate throughout the country. It was known as ''Estadinho'' (''lit''. "Little Estado"), directed by the then young Júlio de Mesquita Filho
Júlio is a Portuguese masculine given name. The equivalent in Spanish is Julio (given name), Julio.
The diminutive form is Julinho (disambiguation), Julinho, as in Júlio César Teixeira known as Julinho, a Brazilian footballer.
Notable people w ...
.
In 1924, the newspaper ''Estado'' was banned from circulation for the first time, after the defeat of the tenants' rebellion that shook the city. Júlio Mesquita, who tried to mediate a dialogue between the rebels and the government, was imprisoned and taken to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
, before being freed shortly thereafter.[History of Estado de S. Paulo (Cont.4)]
/ref>
With the death of the old director of 1927, his son Júlio de Mesquita Filho assumed the directory along with his brother Franscisco, the latter managing the financial aspects of the newspaper. In 1930, the ''Estado'', connected to the Democratic Party, supported the candidature of Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (; ; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 14th and 17th president of Brazil, from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Due to his long and contr ...
for the Liberal Alliance.[ With the victory of Vargas, the newspaper saw the ]Brazilian Revolution of 1930
The Revolution of 1930 () was an armed insurrection across Brazil that ended the First Brazilian Republic, Old Republic. The revolution replaced incumbent president Washington Luís with defeated presidential candidate and revolutionary leader ...
as a mark of the end of the oligarchy
Oligarchy (; ) is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people. Members of this group, called oligarchs, generally hold usually hard, but sometimes soft power through nobility, fame, wealth, or education; or t ...
system.[
The Grupo Estado assumed in 1932 the leadership of the constitutionalist revolution. With its defeat, many people from the directory were exiled, including ]Júlio de Mesquita Filho
Júlio is a Portuguese masculine given name. The equivalent in Spanish is Julio (given name), Julio.
The diminutive form is Julinho (disambiguation), Julinho, as in Júlio César Teixeira known as Julinho, a Brazilian footballer.
Notable people w ...
and Francisco Mesquita.[
One year later, in August, Getúlio Vargas invited Armando de Salles Oliveira to be the governor in São Paulo. Armando Salles, son-in-law of Júlio Mesquita (by then already deceased), imposed as a condition for his acceptance the position the amnesty of the rebels of 1932 and a convocation of a ]constituent assembly
A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ...
. Vargas agreed and Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita, as well as other exiled people, returned to Brazil.[ ]
History of Estado de S. Paulo (Cont.5)
/ref>
Years later, with the appearance of the " Estado Novo", the newspaper maintained its opposition to the regime, and in March 1940 it was invaded by DOPS (part of the government that controlled and restrained opponents and movements that were antithetical to the Estado Novo regime) and the paper was altered by them to state that, with absurdity and mockery, "guns were arrested" in the redaction. The newspaper was initially closed and afterwards was confiscated by the dictatorship, being administrated by DIP (Department of the Press ort."''Imprense''"and Propaganda) until 1945, when the ''Estado'' was returned by the Supreme Federal Court
The Federal Supreme Court (, , abbreviated STF) is the supreme court (court of last resort) of Brazil, serving primarily as the country's Constitutional Court. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings ...
to its legitimate owners. The numbers published during this governmental intervention are not considered part of the actual history of the paper.
Shortly after World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
the ''Estado'' enjoyed great advances, with the increase in editing and of its good reputation. In the 1950s, the Major Quedinho Street headquarters were built, adjacent to the Hotel Jaraguá. That was the phase when the section ''Internacional'' ("International") of the newspaper, directed by the journalist Giannino Carta and by Ruy Mesquita, became known as the most complete of any national newspaper. From that time until the 1970s, ''O Estado'' showed almost exclusively international news on its first page.
República Nova
During the ''República Nova'' ("New Republic") (1946–1964) the ''Estado'' profiled itself to the National Democratic Union of Carlos Lacerda and opposed all the other governments, especially João Goulart
João Belchior Marques Goulart (; 1 March 1919 – 6 December 1976), commonly known as Jango, was a Brazilian politician who served as the president of Brazil from 1961 until a military coup d'état deposed him in 1964. He was considered the ...
. In 1954, ''O Estado de S. Paulo'' led a national campaign against the elected democratic President, Getúlio Vargas, leading him to commit suicide. In 1962, the director Júlio de Mesquita Filho even wrote a ''Roteiro da Revolução'' ("Guide to Revolution"), in an attempt to unify civilian opposition against the army, the then called "boasting party", which had intervened in Brazilian politics since the beginning of the Republic. In 1964, the ''Estado'' supported the military coup[ and the indirect election of Castelo Branco. Shortly after the Institutional Act n° 2 which dissolved the other political parties, the journal broke away from the regime.][
]
Censorship
On 13 November 1968, the editor of the ''Estado'' was arrested because of Mesquita Filho's refusal to eliminate from the section ''Notas e Informações'' ("Notes and Information") the editorial ''Instituições em Frangalhos'' ("Institutions in Frazzles").[ where he denounced the end of any normal and simple democratic appearance. From then on, the newspaper began disputing censored editions of its news by the Brazilian Federal Police, unlike other national newspapers that did not dispute censorship by the government.
With the death of Mesquita Filho, the ''Estado'' was directed by Julio de Mesquita Neto. Then, the newspaper gained worldwide visibility when it denounced the preemptive censorship of articles and replaced them with verses of the Portuguese classic The Lusiads, by ]Luís de Camões
Luís Vaz de Camões (; or 1525 – 10 June 1580), sometimes rendered in English as Camoens or Camoëns ( ), is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of William Shakes ...
.[ ]
History of Estado de S. Paulo (Cont.6)
/ref> In 1974, it received the '' Golden Pen of Freedom Award'', bestowed by the International Federation of Editions and Newspapers.[
In the 1970s, the newspaper ran into debt because of the construction of its new headquarters by the ]Tietê river
The Tietê River ( ) is a Brazilian river in the state of São Paulo.
The first known use of the name Tietê was on a map published in 1748 by d’Anville. The name means "truthful river", or "truthful waters”, in Tupi.
The Tietê River i ...
, leading to a financial crisis, as it competed with a new standard of journalism represented by Folha de S. Paulo
''Folha de S.Paulo'' (sometimes spelled ''Folha de São Paulo''), also known as simply ''Folha'' (, ''Sheet''), is a Brazilian daily newspaper founded in 1921 under the name ''Folha da Noite'' and published in São Paulo by the Folha da Manhã co ...
.
After military dictatorship
In 1986, the ''Estado'' hired the renowned journalist Augusto Nunes to be its chief editor. He updated the news bulletin of Estado and endeavored upon a series of reformed graphics, that would result in the adoption, in 1991, of colored printing in its daily editions. Before that, ''Estado'' was not issued on Monday and holidays. In 1996, Júlio de Mesquita Neto died and Ruy Mesquita, his brother, became the new director. Previously, Ruy directed Jornal da Tarde, owned by the Estado network.
After an unsuccessful experience in the area of telecommunications, the Estado network was restructured in 2003 and most of the Mesquita family lost their directorship roles. Massive layoffs also occurred. After balancing its budget, the ''Estado'' embarked upon a new graphic reformulation in October 2004. It also created new notebooks and received many prizes for excellence in graphic displays.
Grupo Estado
Besides the newspaper ''O Estado de S. Paulo'', the Estado network has control over the OESP Mídia (1984), a company that runs advertisements. Grupo Estado also owns the radios Rádio Eldorado AM and FM (1972) and the Estado Agency (1970), the largest news agency in Brazil. Jornal da Tarde (1966)[ was discontinued in 2012.
In 2013, another big reorganization followed. Employees were laid off and the paper reduced the number of pages.
]
Political stance
The oldest of all the sections, known as ''Notas e Informações'' ("Notes and Information"), appears on page 3 and presents a republican institutionalist view, emphasizing liberty of expression, economic liberalism
Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. ...
and Rechtsstaat
''Rechtsstaat'' (; lit. "state of law"; "legal state") is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originating in Germany, German jurisprudence. It can be translated into English as "rule of law", alternatively "legal state", state of l ...
– one of flagship columns of ''O Estado de S. Paulo''. It was, initially, a supporter of the 1964 military coup d'état in Brazil and of the military dictatorship that then ensued.[http://www.revistaforum.com.br/mariafro/2014/03/31/a-midia-monopolizada-o-globo-jb-estado-de-s-paulo-folha-de-s-paulo-etc-apoiou-o-golpe-de-1964-que-depos-o-presidente-joao-goulart/ Revista Forum] To this day, the newspaper is perceived to hold "right-wing" or "conservative" positions along the Brazilian political spectrum.
Recent circulation history
References
Further reading
* Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. ''The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers'' (1980) pp. 117–23
External links
Chronology and Historic summary of the Journal
O Estado de S. Paulo online edition
O Acervo Estadão (digital archive 1875-present)
Agência Estado
Code of conduct and ethics
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Estado De S. Paulo, O
Estado de Sao Paulo
Newspapers established in 1875
Mass media in São Paulo
Newspapers published in Brazil
1875 establishments in Brazil
Conservatism in Brazil