Ernest Hartmann (1934 – 7 August 2013) was an Austrian-American

psychoanalyst PsychoanalysisFrom Greek language, Greek: + . is a set of Theory, theories and Therapy, therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a bo ...

and sleep researcher. He is known for pioneering sleep and dream studies, incorporating

neurophysiology Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that studies nervous system function rather than nervous system architecture. This area aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Historically, it has been dominated b ...

endocrinology Endocrinology (from ''endocrine'' + '' -ology'') is a branch of biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field ...

, and

biochemistry Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology ...

into his work.

Life and Career

Hartmann was born the eldest of two children in 1934 in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

. His father was Heinz Hartmann (1894–1970), one of the founders of

ego psychology Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud's structural id-ego-superego model of the mind. An individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces. Many psychoanalysts use a theoretical c ...

, and his mother was Dora Karplus Hartman (1902-1974). In 1938, he emigrated from Austria due to a rise in Nazism to

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. ...

, thence to Switzerland, and finally settled in

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...

in 1941 where he attended and graduated from the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in 1952 after only one year of study. He then attended the Yale University School of Medicine, where he received his M.D. in 1958. Hartmann began his career as an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at

Tufts University School of Medicine The Tufts University School of Medicine is the medical school of Tufts University, a private research university in Massachusetts. It was established in 1893 and is located on the university's health sciences campus in downtown Boston. The ''T ...

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the capital city, state capital and List of municipalities in Massachusetts, most populous city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financ ...

from 1964 to 1966, then as an assistant professor of psychiatry from 1966 to 1969, before properly becoming a professor in 1975, one of only three full professors at the School of Medicine at that time, holding the position until he retired from Tufts in 2013. Hartmann was the former president of th
International Association for the Study of Dreams
and the founding editor for their journal
Dreaming
He served as lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service from 1962 to 1964 and held multiple high-level positions in tandem with his duties at Tufts, including but not limited to, directing the Sleep and Dream Laboratory in the Boston State Hospital from 1964 to 1980, the Sleep Laboratory at the West-Ros-Park Mental Health Centre, and the Sleep Disorders Center at the Newton-Wellesly Hospital. During his career as a researcher of sleep and dreams for 55 years, he had published more than 350 articles and 9 books while giving a myriad of presentations and talks across the world. In 1967, Hartmann published his first book called ''The Biology of Dreaming''. Hartmann has married twice, first with Barbara Snow Hengst from 1961 to 1974, then to Eva Neumann from 1995 to 1999, both of these marriages ended with divorce. He had two children with Barbara Snow Hengst; Jonathan Hartmann, and Katherine Hartmann. Hartmann lived in Newton Highlands, Massachusetts. He died on the 7th of August, 2013 as a result of

heart failure Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome, a group of signs and symptoms caused by an impairment of the heart's blood pumping function. Symptoms typically include shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, ...

, at the age of 79 in Truro, Massachusetts.

Selected works

* ''The Functions of Sleep''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1973. * ''Boundaries in the Mind: A New Psychology of Personality''. New York: Basic Books, 1991. * ''The Nature and Functions of Dreaming''. Oxford University Press, 2010. * ''Boundaries: A New Way to Look at the World''. Summerland, CA: CIRCC EverPress, 2011.

References

Austrian Jews Austrian emigrants to the United States American psychoanalysts Jewish psychoanalysts 1934 births 2013 deaths {{Psychologist-stub