Eriophorum × Beringianum
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''Eriophorum'' (cottongrass, cotton-grass or cottonsedge) is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s in the family
Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae () are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as wikt:sedge, sedges. The family (biology), family is large; botanists have species description, described some 5,500 known species in about 90 ...
, the sedge family. They are found in the cool
temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...
,
alpine Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to: Places Europe * Alps, a European mountain range ** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range Australia * Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village * Alpine National P ...
, and
Arctic The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...
regions of the
Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined by humans as being in the same celestial sphere, celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the Solar ...
, primarily in the
middle latitudes The middle latitudes, also called the mid-latitudes (sometimes spelled midlatitudes) or moderate latitudes, are spatial regions on either Hemispheres of Earth, hemisphere of Earth, located between the Tropic of Cancer (latitude ) and the Arctic ...
of North America, Europe, and Asia.


Description

''Eriophorium'' species are
perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...
herbaceous plant Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition o ...
s that persist by means of underground
rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and Shoot (botany), shoots from its Node (botany), nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from ...
s. Stems (called culms) grow singly or in clumps (i.e.,
cespitose This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary ...
). Both basal leaves and stem leaves are present, although the latter are bladeless in some species. The terminal
inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...
is either a single erect
spikelet A spikelet, in botany, describes the typical arrangement of the inflorescences of grasses, sedges and some other monocots. Each spikelet has one or more florets. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. The part of the sp ...
or multiple spikelets on peduncles of various lengths. In the case of multiple spikelets, the inflorescence is subtended by one or more leaf-like
bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves in size, color, shape or texture. They also lo ...
s. Individual
flower Flowers, also known as blooms and blossoms, are the reproductive structures of flowering plants ( angiosperms). Typically, they are structured in four circular levels, called whorls, around the end of a stalk. These whorls include: calyx, m ...
s have 10 or more smooth
perianth The perianth (perigonium, perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower. It is a structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals) or tepal ...
bristles that greatly elongate and remain attached to the
achene An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple fruit, simple dry fruits, dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and Dehi ...
during fruiting. The bristles facilitate
seed dispersal In spermatophyte plants, seed dispersal is the movement, spread or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their seeds, including both abiotic vectors, ...
by wind. In cold
Arctic The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...
regions, the bristles also serve as insulation by trapping solar radiation and thereby increasing the temperature of the reproductive organs.
Identification key In biology, an identification key, taxonomic key, or frequently just key, is a printed or computer-aided device that aids in the identification of biological organisms. Historically, the most common type of identification key is the dichotomous k ...
s often begin with a pair of alternatives that implicitly divide the genus into two mutually exclusive
section Section, Sectioning, or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...
s: * ''Eriophorum'' section ''Vaginata'': one spikelet, without
involucral bracts In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves in size, color, shape or texture. They also look ...
* ''Eriophorum'' section ''Phyllanthela'': multiple spikelets (rarely one), subtended by one or more leaf-like bracts Besides the number of spikelets and the presence of bracts, other characters may be used for identification, including: the length of the uppermost leaf blade relative to its sheath; the number of bracts (0, 1, or more than 1); the length and orientation of the bracts; the length of the peduncles; and the color of the bristles.


Taxonomy

In the first edition of ''
Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genus, genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature ...
'' published in 1753, the Swedish botanist
Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
established
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
''Eriophorum'' by recognizing four
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
: ''Eriophorum vaginatum'', ''Eriophorum polystachion'', ''Eriophorum virginicum'', and ''Eriophorum alpinum''. In the second edition published in 1762, Linnaeus added a fifth species, ''Eriophorum cyperinum''. The name ''Eriophorum'' is the primary generic name in use today. Although the names of some of the species have changed, the number of recognized
taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...
in genus ''Eriophorum'' has remained more-or-less the same since 1994. In the fifth edition of ''
Genera Plantarum ''Genera Plantarum'' is a publication of Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). The first edition was issued in Leiden, 1737. The fifth edition served as a complementary volume to ''Species Plantarum'' (1753). Article 13 of the Internat ...
'' published in 1754 (intended to accompany the first edition of ''Species Plantarum''), Linnaeus referenced the prior work of the Italian botanist
Pier Antonio Micheli Pier Antonio Micheli (11 December 1679 – 1 January 1737) was a noted Italian botanist, professor of botany in Pisa, curator of the Orto Botanico di Firenze, author of ''Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita''. He discover ...
and the French botanist
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (5 June 165628 December 1708) was a French botanist, notable as the first to make a clear definition of the concept of genus for plants. Botanist Charles Plumier was his pupil and accompanied him on his voyages. Li ...
. In 1729, Micheli described genus ''Linagrostis'', including an illustration of an unidentified plant. (The plant was later identified to be ''Eriophorum vaginatum''.) Tournefort coined the French name ''Linaigrette'' (Latin: ''Linagrostis'') in 1694, but his contribution became better known in Europe when his book was translated to Latin in 1719. The French naturalist and mineralogist
Jean-Étienne Guettard Jean-Étienne Guettard (22 September 1715 – 7 January 1786), was a French naturalist and mineralogist. He was born at Étampes, near Paris. In boyhood, he gained a knowledge of plants from his grandfather, who was an apothecary, and later ...
resurrected the pre-Linnaean name ''Linagrostis'' in 1750, and again in 1754, but ''Linagrostis'' is regarded as a synonym for ''Eriophorum'' After Guettard, the name ''Linagrostis'' was redescribed by numerous botanists, including John Hill (1756),
Johann Gottfried Zinn Johann Gottfried Zinn (; December 4, 1727 – April 6, 1759) was a German Anatomy, anatomist and botanist and was a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin Academy. Biography Johann Gottfried Zinn was born in Schwabach. Considerin ...
(1757), and
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinisation of names, Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius) (3 June 1723 – 8 May 1788) was an Italians, Italian physician and natural history, naturalist. His biographer Otto Guglia named him the "first ...
(1771), but all three published illegitimate names since ''Linagrostis'' takes precedence. Scopoli's description of ''Linagrostis'' is notable, however, since it is explicitly based on the early work of Tournefort. The names ''Linagrostis vaginata'' , ''Linagrostis alpina'' , and ''Linagrostis polystachia'' are synonyms for the corresponding names introduced by Linnaeus in 1753. The Austrian botanist and mycologist
Eduard Palla Eduard Palla (3 September 1864 – 7 March 1922) was an Austrian botanist and mycologist of Moravian descent. As a botanist he specialized in research of Cyperaceae (sedges), of which he was the taxonomic authority of many species. From 1883 to ...
established genus ''Eriophoropsis'' in 1896 by
segregating In taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is created when a taxon is split off from another taxon. This other taxon will be better known, usually bigger, and will continue to exist, even after the segregate taxon has been split off. A segregat ...
''Eriophorum virginicum'' into a new genus. The name ''Eriophoropsis'' is both a synonym for ''Eriophorum'' and the
basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botan ...
of ''Eriophorum'' subgen. ''Eriophoropsis'' , the latter described by the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond in 1954.


Species

, the following
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
are accepted by
Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...
(POWO): The following natural
hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two diff ...
s are also accepted by POWO:
World Flora Online World Flora Online is an Internet-based compendium of the world's plant species. Description The World Flora Online (WFO) is an open-access database, launched in October 2012 as a follow-up project to The Plant List, with the aim of publishi ...
(WFO) accepts all of the above species and hybrids except ''Eriophorum arcticum''. In addition, WFO accepts ''Eriophorum'' × ''polystachiovaginatum'' whereas POWO does not.


Other names

Of the five species described by Linnaeus in 1753 and 1762, three of the names are no longer in use. ''Eriophorum polystachion'' is a
rejected name A conserved name or ''nomen conservandum'' (plural ''nomina conservanda'', abbreviated as ''nom. cons.'') is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. That is, the name is retained, even though it violates one or more rules wh ...
, now considered to be a synonym for ''Eriophorum angustifolium'' subsp. ''angustifolium'', while ''Eriophorum alpinum'' and ''Eriophorum cyperinum'' are synonyms for '' Trichophorum alpinum'' and ''
Scirpus cyperinus ''Scirpus cyperinus'', commonly known as woolgrass, is an emergent wetland herb that is native to the eastern United States and eastern Canada. Other common names include cottongrass bulrushElias Magnus Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. He is sometimes called the Mycology, "Linnaeus of Mycology". In his works he described and assigned botanical names to hundreds of fungus and li ...
described ''Eriophorum russeolum'' in 1836. Some authors consider ''Eriophorum russeolum'' to be a synonym for ''Eriophorum chamissonis'' , while others consider the two names to refer to separate species. In 1942, the American agrostologist and botanist Alan Ackerman Beetle placed the species ''Scirpus criniger'' into genus ''Eriophorum''. In 2012, ''Eriophorum crinigerum'' was segregated into genus ''Calliscirpus'', and so ''Eriophorum crinigerum'' is a synonym for ''Calliscirpus criniger'' . In 1957, the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond placed the species ''Scirpus scabriculmis'' into genus ''Eriophorum''. In 2019, ''Eriophorum scabriculme'' was segregated into genus ''Trichophorum''. Hence ''Eriophorum scabriculme'' is a synonym for ''Trichophorum scabriculme'' . The invalidly published name ''Eriophorum'' × ''polystachiovaginatum'' is a synonym for ''Eriophorum'' × ''beauverdii'' but the latter is unplaced by POWO.


Subdivision

In 1849, the Swedish botanist and traveller
Nils Johan Andersson Nils Johan Andersson (20 February 1821 Gärdserum, Småland, Sweden – 27 March 1880 Stockholm), was a Swedish botanist and traveller. He studied at Uppsala University between 1840-45 obtaining a DSc. On 30 September 1851 he accompanied the Swe ...
placed the European species of ''Eriophorum'' into two new sections: ''Eriophorum'' section ''Vaginata'': * ''Eriophorum vaginatum'' * ''Eriophorum capitatum'' (a synonym for ''Eriophorum scheuchzeri'') * ''Eriophorum russeolum'' (a synonym for ''Eriophorum chamissonis'') ''Eriophorum'' section ''Phyllanthela'': * ''Eriophorum angustifolium'' * ''Eriophorum latifolium'' * ''Eriophorum gracile'' In 1905, the American botanist
Merritt Lyndon Fernald Merritt Lyndon Fernald (October 5, 1873 – September 22, 1950) was an American botanist. He was a respected scholar of the Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and phytogeography of the vascular plant flora of temperate eastern North America. During his ...
placed the North American species of ''Eriophorum'' into Andersson's sections as follows: ''Eriophorum'' section ''Vaginata'': * ''Eriophorum scheuchzeri'' * ''Eriophorum chamissonis'' * ''Eriophorum vaginatum'' * ''Eriophorum callitrix'' * ''Eriophorum opacum'' ''n. comb.'' (a synonym for ''Eriophorum brachyantherum'') ''Eriophorum'' section ''Phyllanthela'': * ''Eriophorum gracile'' * ''Eriophorum tenellum'' * ''Eriophorum polystachion'' (a synonym for ''Eriophorum angustifolium'') * ''Eriophorum viridicarinatum'' ''n. comb.'' * ''Eriophorum virginicum''


Phylogeny

Based on
phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...
analyses, ''Eriophorum'' forms a well‐supported
clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...
nested within the genus ''
Scirpus ''Scirpus'' is a genus of grass-like species in the sedge family Cyperaceae many with the common names club-rush, wood club-rush or bulrush. They mostly inhabit wetlands and damp locations. Description ''Scirpus'' are rhizomatous perennial herbs ...
'', which suggests the latter is
paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...
. To resolve this issue, there are at least two options: 1) merge ''Eriophorum'' into ''Scirpus'', or 2) split ''Scirpus'' into a series of new genera. , there has been insufficient data for a majority of botanists to prefer one option or the other. ''Eriophorum virginicum'', ''Eriophorum tenellum'', and ''Eriophorum gracile'' form a strongly supported clade that is sister to the rest of the genus. The clade is distinguished by having
glume In botany, a glume is a bract (leaf-like structure) below a spikelet in the inflorescence (flower cluster) of grass Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family (biology), family of monocotyledonous flow ...
s (scales at the base of each flower in a
spikelet A spikelet, in botany, describes the typical arrangement of the inflorescences of grasses, sedges and some other monocots. Each spikelet has one or more florets. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. The part of the sp ...
) with many prominent nerves, whereas the glumes of the remaining species possess a single prominent midnerve. Within a weakly supported clade of unispicate species (i.e., species with a single spikelet), ''Eriophorum russeolum'' and ''Eriophorum scheuchzeri'' form a strongly supported,
monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
species complex In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...
characterized by a
rhizomatous In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...
habit, up to 7 sterile glumes, and by glumes with well-defined
hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and . Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellula ...
margins (i.e., with thin, translucent edges). In contrast, in the sister clade to this complex (''Eriophorum vaginatum'', ''Eriophorum brachyantherum'', and ''Eriophorum callitrix'') each species has a
caespitose This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary ...
habit and more than 12 sterile glumes that generally lack clear hyaline margins.


Distribution and habitat

''Eriophorum'' species are found in the cool
temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...
,
alpine Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to: Places Europe * Alps, a European mountain range ** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range Australia * Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village * Alpine National P ...
, and
Arctic The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...
regions of the
Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined by humans as being in the same celestial sphere, celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the Solar ...
, primarily in the
middle latitudes The middle latitudes, also called the mid-latitudes (sometimes spelled midlatitudes) or moderate latitudes, are spatial regions on either Hemispheres of Earth, hemisphere of Earth, located between the Tropic of Cancer (latitude ) and the Arctic ...
of North America, Europe, and Asia. * North America: ''E.'' ''angustifolium'', ''E.'' ''brachyantherum'', ''E.'' ''callitrix'', ''E.'' ''chamissonis'', ''E.'' ''gracile'', ''E.'' ''scheuchzeri'', ''E.'' ''tenellum'', ''E.'' ''triste'', ''E.'' ''vaginatum'', ''E.'' ''virginicum'', ''E.'' ''viridicarinatum'' * Europe: ''E.'' ''angustifolium'', ''E.'' ''brachyantherum'', ''E.'' ''chamissonis'', ''E.'' ''gracile'', ''E.'' ''latifolium'', ''E.'' ''scheuchzeri'', ''E.'' ''triste'', ''E.'' ''vaginatum'' * Asia: ''E.'' ''angustifolium'', ''E.'' ''arcticum'', ''E.'' ''brachyantherum'', ''E.'' ''callitrix'', ''E.'' ''chamissonis'', ''E.'' ''gracile'', ''E.'' ''humile'', ''E.'' ''latifolium'', ''E.'' ''scheuchzeri'', ''E.'' ''tolmatchevii'', ''E.'' ''transiens'', ''E.'' ''triste'', ''E.'' ''vaginatum'' Preferred habitats include
bog A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat as a deposit of dead plant materials often mosses, typically sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, mosses, quagmire, and musk ...
s,
fen A fen is a type of peat-accumulating wetland fed by mineral-rich ground or surface water. It is one of the main types of wetland along with marshes, swamps, and bogs. Bogs and fens, both peat-forming ecosystems, are also known as mires ...
s,
meadow A meadow ( ) is an open habitat or field, vegetated by grasses, herbs, and other non- woody plants. Trees or shrubs may sparsely populate meadows, as long as they maintain an open character. Meadows can occur naturally under favourable con ...
s, and
alpine tundra Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation, with an associated harsh climate. As the latitude of a location approaches the poles, the threshold elevation for alpine tundra gets ...
.


Uses

Paper Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, Textile, rags, poaceae, grasses, Feces#Other uses, herbivore dung, or other vegetable sources in water. Once the water is dra ...
and the wicks of
candle A candle is an ignitable candle wick, wick embedded in wax, or another flammable solid substance such as tallow, that provides light, and in some cases, a Aroma compound, fragrance. A candle can also provide heat or a method of keeping time. ...
s have been made of its fiber, and
pillow A pillow is a support of the body at rest for comfort, therapy, or decoration. Pillows are used in different variations by many species, including humans. Some types of pillows include throw pillows, body pillows, decorative pillows, and man ...
s stuffed with the same material. The leaves were formerly used in treating
diarrhea Diarrhea (American English), also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa (British English), is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements in a day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration d ...
, and the spongy
pith Pith, or medulla, is a tissue in the stems of vascular plants. Pith is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which in some cases can store starch. In eudicotyledons, pith is located in the center of the stem. In monocotyledons, it ex ...
of the stem for the removal of
tapeworm Eucestoda, commonly referred to as tapeworms, is the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda (the other subclass being Cestodaria). Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex (head), in contrast to the ten-hooked Ce ...
.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


External links

* * * * * {{Authority control Cyperaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus