Improving manual material handling in a workplace
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, handling is defined as: Seizing, holding, grasping, turning, or otherwise working with the hand or hands. Fingers are involved only to the extent that they are an extension of the hand, such as to turn a switch or to shift automobile gears. Manual handling of containers may expose workers to physical conditions (e.g., force, awkward postures, and repetitive motions) that can lead to injuries, wasted energy, and wasted time. To avoid these problems, your organization can directly benefit from improving the fit between the demands of work tasks and the capabilities of your workers. Remember that workers’ abilities to perform work tasks may vary because of differences in age, physical condition, strength, gender, stature, and other factors. In short, changing your workplace by improving the fit can benefit your workplace by: * Reducing or preventing injuries * Reducing workers’ efforts by decreasing forces in lifting, handling, pushing, and pulling materials * Reducing risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., awkward postures from reaching into containers) * Increasing productivity, product and service quality, and worker morale * Lowering costs by reducing or eliminating production bottlenecks, error rates or rejects, use of medical services because of musculoskeletal disorders, workers’ compensation claims, excessive worker turnover, absenteeism, and retraining Manual material handling tasks may expose workers to physical risk factors. If these tasks are performed repeatedly or over long periods of time, they can lead to fatigue and injury. The main risk factors, or conditions, associated with the development of injuries in manual material handling tasks include: * Awkward postures (e.g., bending, twisting) * Repetitive motions (e.g., frequent reaching, lifting, carrying) * Forceful exertions (e.g., carrying or lifting heavy loads) * Pressure points (e.g., grasping r contact fromloads, leaning against parts or surfaces that are hard or have sharp edges) * Static postures (e.g., maintaining fixed positions for a long time) Repeated or continual exposure to one or more of these factors initially may lead to fatigue and discomfort. Over time, injury to the back, shoulders, hands, wrists, or other parts of the body may occur. Injuries may include damage to muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. Injuries of this type are known as musculoskeletal disorders, or MSDs. In addition, poor environmental conditions, such as extreme heat, cold, noise, and poor lighting, may increase workers’ chances of developing other types of problems.Types of ergonomic improvements
In general, ergonomic improvements are changes made to improve the fit between the demands of work tasks and the capabilities of your workers. There are usually many options for improving a particular manual handling task. It is up to you to make informed choices about which improvements will work best for particular tasks. There are two types of ergonomic improvements: * Engineering improvements * Administrative improvementsEngineering improvements
These include rearranging, modifying, redesigning, providing or replacing tools, equipment, workstations, packaging, parts, processes, products, or materials (see “Improvement Options”).Administrative improvements
Observe how different workers perform the same tasks to get ideas for improving work practices or organizing the work. Then consider the following improvements: * Alternate heavy tasks with light tasks. * Provide variety in jobs to eliminate or reduce repetition (i.e., overuse of the same muscle groups). * Adjust work schedules, work pace, or work practices. * Provide recovery time (e.g., short rest breaks). * Modify work practices so that workers perform work within their power zone (i.e., above the knees, below the shoulders, and close to the body). * Rotate workers through jobs that use different muscles, body parts, or postures. Administrative improvements, such as job rotation, can help reduce workers’ exposures to risk factors by limiting the amount of time workers spend on “problem jobs.” However, these measures may still expose workers to risk factors that can lead to injuries. For these reasons, the most effective way to eliminate “problem jobs” is to change them. This can be done by putting into place the appropriate engineering improvements and modifying work practices accordingly.Training
Training alone is not an ergonomic improvement. Instead, it should be used together with any workplace changes made. Workers need training and hands-on practice with new tools, equipment, or work practices to make sure they have the skills necessary to work safely. Training is most effective when it is interactive and fully involves workers. Below are some suggestions for training based on adult learning principles: * Provide hands-on practice when new tools, equipment, or procedures are introduced to the workforce. * Use several types of visual aids (e.g., pictures, charts, videos) of actual tasks in your workplace. * Hold small-group discussions and problem-solving sessions. * Give workers ample opportunity for questions.Improvement options
* Use team lifting as a temporary measure until a more permanent improvement can be found. If possible, try to find a co-worker of similar height to help with the lift.NIOSH lifting equation
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation (1994) provides guidelines for evaluating two-handed manual lifting tasks. It defines a Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) as the weight of the load that nearly all healthy workers can lift over a substantial period of time (e.g., eight hours) without an increased risk of developing lower back pain. The maximum weight to be lifted with two hands, under ideal conditions, is 51 pounds. The RWL is based on six variables that reduce the maximum weight to be lifted to less than 51 pounds.Easier ways to manually carry containers
* Redesign the container so it has handles, grips, or handholds. * Hold the container close to the body. * Don’t carry more than you can handle. To reduce the weight of the load, use a smaller container. * Wear proper size gloves that fit. Gloves with rubber dots on the surface can increase grip stability on slippery surfaces. * Increase the size of the bucket or pail handle with padding or a clamp-on handle. * Get co-worker assistance when necessary. Discuss your plan so you don’t have surprise movements. * Pad the shoulder. Support the container on one shoulder and alternate between shoulders. * Use a tool.Alternatives to manual handling of individual containers
* Instead of lifting and pouring from the drum, insert a siphon or a pump. * Increase the size of the container or the weight of the load so that it is too large to handle manually. * Use a hook for light-weight containers to reduce your reach. * Use a drum dolly. * Use a cart or platform truck. * Use a portable scissors lift. * Use a hand truck. * Use a conveyor, slide, or chute. * Use a hand pallet truck. * Use a portable hoist or crane. * Use a stacker. * Use a powered hand truck. * Use an airball table. * Use a forklift. * Use a crane. * Use a pallet truck. * Use a lifter. * Use a carousel. * Use a tilter.See also
*Sources
*References
Further reading
* Kulwiec, R.A., Ed., 1985, "Materials Handling Handbook", 2nd Ed., New York: Wiley. * Snook, S.H., and Ciriello, V.M., 1991, “The Design of Manual Handling Tasks: Revised Tables of Maximum Acceptable Weights and Forces.” Ergonomics 34(9): 1197–1213. * Mulcahy, D.E., 1999, "Materials Handling Handbook", New York: McGraw-Hill. *External links
{{Wiktionary